Apparent Densities of Stomoxys Species (Diptera, Muscidae) of Different Physiological Ages Caught with Vavoua Trap Differ With Landscape and Trapping Period

Stable flies (Stomoxys spp.) are common pests of livestock in the peri-urban rangelands of Vina Division of the Adamawa Plateau. No documented information is available on their diurnal dynamics in relation to physiological age and landscape. The main aim of this study was to determine the trap apparent density (ADT) of Stomoxys and associate it to their diurnal activity rhythm and landscape. Vavoua traps (n=12) were used for Stomoxys collection. Trapping was carried out for seven days i.e. three days consecutively in August and four days consecutively in October, 2016.Three traps were pitched in each of the three biotopes (river, cattle corral and gallery forest) of the four study sites (Galim, Mbidjoro, Velambai and Soukourwo). All female Stomoxys captured underwent ovarian dissection for the determination of their physiological ages (parous or nulliparous). A total of 218 Stomoxys were caught and identified into four species (S. niger niger, S. omega, S. calcitrans, and S.xanthomelas) with an overall ADT of 2.59 flies per trap per day and Stomoxys niger niger (1.13 s.n.n. per trap per day) recorded the highest ADT. Species richness was study site dependent.Higher catches of females 113 (51.83%) were made than that of their male 105 (48.17%) counterparts. Galim recorded the highest Stomoxys apparent density (4.90) as compared to other sites with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The proportion of parous 87 (59.30%) was higher than that of their nulliparous 46 (40.71%) counterparts. Parity differed with landscape and capture periods. S. n. niger was the most frequent in all biotopes and Galim recorded the highest ADT. The population of female flies was made up of adults (parous) with a bimodal diurnal activity rhythm whereas males had a unimodal activity rhythm.

Etude préliminaire de l’infestation des glossines par les trypanosomes dans le baï de Momba (Nord-Est Gabon)

Une étude préliminaire entomo-parasitologique a été effectuée pendant la grande saison sèche à l’interieur et autour du baï de Momba (nord-est Gabon) pour examiner les espèces de Trypanosomes transmises par les glossines. Ces dernières ont été capturées à l’aide des pièges vavoua et nzi. Les infections par les trypanosomes chez ces glossines ont été recherchées à l’aide d’un microscope au niveau des glandes salivaires, proboscis et intestins moyens des glossines. Ainsi, une infection du proboscis seul correspond à T. vivax, celles des glandes salivaires à T. brucei et celle du proboscis et de l’intestin moyen à T. congolense. Au total six espèces de glossines ont été identifiées : Glossina palpalis palpalis, G. nashi, G. fusca congolensis, G. tachinoides, G. frezili et G. fuscipes fuscipes. Le taux global d’infestation des glossines disséquées et observées au microscope a été estimé à 30 %. L’infestation des glossines par les trypanosomes témoigne de l’existence d’un risque trypanosomien dans le baï de Momba et suggère ainsi l’établissement d’un cycle de transmission Animal-Glossine-Homme dans ce milieu.Mots clés: Glossina, T. vivax, T. congolense, baï de Momba, trypanosomes. Preliminary study of infection of tsetse by trypanosomes in the baï of Momba North East GabonA preliminary study are insect parasitology was carried out during the long dry season in and around the baï of Momba (north-east Gabon) to examine the species of trypanosomes transmitted by tsetse flies. The flies were captured using traps and Vavoua nzi. Infections by trypanosomes were investigated using a microscope in the salivary glands and the proboscis intestines means tsetse. In total six tsetse species were identified : Glossina palpalis palpalis, G. nashi, G. fusca congolensis, G. tachinoides, G. frezili and G. fuscipes fuscipes. The overall rate of infestation of flies dissected and observed under the microscope is estimated at 30 %. The infestation of Bai Momba by flies carrying trypanosomes demonstrates the existence of a trypanosome risk and thus suggests the establishment of a transmission cycle Human-Animal-Glossina in this environment.Keywords: tsetse flies, T. vivax, T. congolense, baï of Momba, trypanosome

Accessibility, availability and utilisation of malaria interventions among women of reproductive age in Kilosa district in central Tanzania

This study showed that pregnant women had only average knowledge about malaria in pregnancy and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp), and this is likely reflected in low IPTp coverage. Campaigns that provide educational messages on the risk of malaria during pregnancy and the usefulness of IPTp need to be emphasised. The research aimed to determine factors affecting accessibility, availability and utilisation of malaria interventions among women of reproductive age in Kilosa district in central Tanzania. As well, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) stock-outs and lack of qualified health workers were common in all health facilities in the district

Caractérisation physico-chimique des sols en vue de l’amélioration de la productivité du manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) dans la région de Damara au centre-sud de Centrafrique

La présente étude vise à améliorer la productivité du manioc (Manihot esculenta), aliment de base des centrafricains. Plus spécifiquement, il s’agit de (i) caractériser les propriétés physico-chimiques du sol et (ii) déterminer les indicateurs de fertilité des sols étudiés. La collecte des données a consisté à prélever le sol de la couche 0-20 cm, sur les champs de manioc du site expérimental de LaSBAD. Les sols ont été prélevés suivant un dispositif de randomisation, en vue de constituer un échantillon composite de 1 kg par champs. Ils sont séchés, tamisés et analysés au laboratoire de sol du CIRAD-Montpellier-France. Les résultats analytiques de sol ont été comparés à des valeurs de références. Les sols étudiés présentent une texture loameuse et un pH optimal de 5,5, favorable à la culture du manioc, et sont très pourvus en matière organique. Le bilan des éléments nutritifs révèle des carences en calcium et en échangeable. L’analyse en composantes principales a montré une corrélation entre les indicateurs de la fertilité des sols. L’utilisation des légumineuses et la fertilisation organo-minérale à une dose adéquate sont des solutions envisageables pour améliorer la productivité du manioc en Centrafrique.Mots clés: indicateur de fertilité, productivité, manioc, propriété physico-chimique, CentrafriqueEnglish Title: Characterization physicochemical soils to improve productivity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the region of Damara in south-central of Central African RepublicEnglish AbstractThe present study is a contribution to the improvement of cassava (Manihot esculenta) tubers’ productivity in the Republic of Central Africa. Especially it aims to characterize the physicochemical properties of soil and (ii) assess fertility indicators of soil. Data collection was consisted to sample the soil from horizon 0-20 cm in cassava fields of producers and the agricultural site of the LaSBAD. Soils were sampled randomly to form a composite sample of 1 kg per field. Soil samples were dried, sieved, and analysed within the laboratory of soil of CIRAD in Montpellier-France. The analytical results of soils were compared to reference values. The studied soils are in their surface organic loamy texture and optimal of 5.5 pH suitable for the cultivation of cassava. They are well supplied with organic matter. The nutrient balance showed that the most significant deficiencies include calcium and magnesium exchangeable. The principal component analysis showed a best correlation relationship between indicators of soil fertility. The use of legumes, and fertilization organicmineral at one dose adequate were possible conceivable solutions to improve cassava in Central African Republic.Keywords: Diagnosis of deficiency, soils’ fertility, cassava, savannah, Central African Republi

CASSAVA MOSAIC DISEASE INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY AND WHITEFLY VECTOR DISTRIBUTION IN GABON

Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is a major constraint to cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) production in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to gain insights into the epidemiology of CMD in cassava production systems in Gabon. An epidemiological survey was conducted throughout Gabon from October 2020 to May 2021 to evaluate the epidemiology of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) in cassava farms. A phytosanitary diagnosis was conducted at each farm, using the harmonised and unified WAVE protocol to assess the incidence and severity of CMD and the abundance of its whitefly vector. All data collected were recorded using WAVE\u2019s mobile application and uploaded into the WAVE Cube data system. The results showed that CMD was present in all farms surveyed (n = 227; 100%), but with a variable incidence rate. At national level, the incidence of CMD was high, with an average of 64.29%. However, incidence differed among regions with 82.22 and 79.20% for Ogooue-Maritime and Nyanga; respectively, but only 40.42% for Estuaire. Woleu-Ntem had the highest mean severity (3.47) and Ogooue-Maritime the lowest (2.64). Overall, incidence and severity differed significantly among regions (P&lt; 0.05). The average abundance was 2.58 whiteflies per plant (w/p), varying between 1.06 (Nyanga) and 5.25 w/p (Estuaire). The use of infected cuttings was the main mode of CMD spread (62.67%). These results highlight the need to identify the viruses responsible for the observed cases of CMD, to sanitise cultivated plant material, and to implement a CMD control strategy in Gabon.La maladie de la mosa\uefque du manioc (CMD) est une contrainte majeure \ue0 la production de manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) en Afrique subsaharienne. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait de mieux comprendre l\u2019\ue9pid\ue9miologie de la CMD dans les syst\ue8mes de production de manioc au Gabon. Une enqu\ueate \ue9pid\ue9miologique a \ue9t\ue9 men\ue9e dans tout le Gabon d\u2019Octobre 2020 \ue0 Mai 2021 afin de mieux connaitre l\u2019\ue9pid\ue9miologie de la mosa\uefque du manioc. Un diagnostic phytosanitaire a \ue9t\ue9 fait dans chaque champ prospect\ue9. L\u2019incidence, la s\ue9v\ue9rit\ue9 de la mosa\uefque et l\u2019abondance des mouches blanches vectrices ont \ue9t\ue9 estim\ue9es en utilisant le protocole harmonis\ue9 et unifi\ue9 du programme WAVE. Toutes les donn\ue9es de terrain ont \ue9t\ue9 saisies gr\ue2ce \ue0 l\u2019application mobile de WAVE puis stock\ue9es dans le gestionnaire de donn\ue9es de WAVE, le Cube. Les r\ue9sultats de cette \ue9tude ont montr\ue9 que la mosa\uefque du manioc \ue9tait pr\ue9sente dans toutes les zones prospect\ue9es (n = 227; 100%), avec une incidence variable. Au niveau national, l\u2019incidence de la CMD \ue9tait \ue9lev\ue9e, avec une moyenne de 64,29% pour une s\ue9v\ue9rit\ue9 moyenne de 3,16. Cette incidence varie entre les provinces avec respectivement 82,22% et 79,20% pour l\u2019Ogoou\ue9-Maritime et la Nyanga, mais seulement, 40,42% pour l\u2019Estuaire. La r\ue9gion du Woleu-Ntem a pr\ue9sent\ue9 la plus grande s\ue9v\ue9rit\ue9 moyenne (3,47) et l\u2019Ogoou\ue9-Maritime, la plus faible moyenne (2,64). L\u2019incidence et la s\ue9v\ue9rit\ue9 ont diff\ue9r\ue9 significativement entre les r\ue9gions (P&lt; 0,05). L\u2019abondance moyenne des mouches blanches \ue9tait de 2,58 mouches/plante (m/p). Cette abondance a oscill\ue9 entre 1,06 m/p (Nyanga) et 5,25 m/p (Estuaire). L\u2019utilisation des boutures de manioc infect\ue9es est le principal mode de propagation de la CMD (62,67%). Ces r\ue9sultats pr\ue9liminaires mettent en exergue la n\ue9cessit\ue9 imp\ue9rieuse d\u2019identifier les virus responsables des cas de CMD observ\ue9s, d\u2019assainir le mat\ue9riel v\ue9g\ue9tal cultiv\ue9 et de mettre en place une strat\ue9gie de contr\uf4le de la CMD au Gabon

Plenary - Life and Labor: Black Women’s Narratives of Resistance in The Twentieth Century

Plenary Life and Labor: Black Women’s Narratives of Resistance in The Twentieth Century Chair: Deirdre Cooper Owens, Queens College Kellie Carter Jackson, Hunter College, A Portrait of Ethel Phillips: Understanding the Myth of the Good Boss in the World of Domestic Servants Mary Phillips, Lehman College, Spiritual Maturity: The Feminist Theory of Ericka Huggins Robyn Spencer, Lehman College, What’s Left to Say about Angela Davis? Notes on the Black Radical Tradition Zinga A. Fraser, Brooklyn College, Race, Gender, and Rebellion: Shirley Chisholm’s Political Resistanc