Factors Associated with Treatment Adherence among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Meulaboh, Aceh

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem, with at least three million deaths annually. Each year there are nearly 10 million new cases, of which four to five million are smear positive and, thus, highly contagious. This study aimed to analyze factors associated with adherence to TB treatment among pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Subjects and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out at Pahlawan Community Health Center, West Aceh. A sample of 40 TB patients were selected for this study by exhaustive sampling. The dependent variable was adherence to TB treatment. The independent variables were drug supervisor, knowledge, motivation, and familly support. TB status data were taken from medical record. The other data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: Adherence to TB treatment was associated with active drug supervisor (OR = 3.38; p= 0.017), good knowledge (OR= 2.64; p= 0.029), strong motivation (OR = 4.48; p= 0.017), and strong family support (OR =3.11; p= 0.011). Conclusion: Adherence to TB treatment is associated with active drug super-visor, good knowledge, strong motivation, and strong family support. Keywords: TB treatment, adherence, drug supervisor, knowledge, motivatio

EFFECT OF H2O2 AND MnO2 AS OXIDATORS OF GOLD AND COPPER LEACH PROCESSES FROM PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS

In general, electronic waste management in the form 2 of printed circuit boards (printed circuit boards/PCBs) is carried out by the process of removing components and taking precious metals that are easily recycled. However, in Indonesia, the recycling process for extracting precious metals has not been much processed, even though they contain precious metals such as copper and gold. This research was conducted to find a more economical and environmentally friendly treatment process by using an oxidizer of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Manganese Oxide (MnO2) and reducing the level of HCl used. Observation of metal leaching results using Atomic Adsroption Spectroscopy (AAS) showed the value of recovery (recovery) of gold and copper reached 59.1% and 59.8% for 0.5M HCl + 2.5% H2O2. However, the recovery value of copper has reached its optimum point at the addition of 1.5% H2O2. The use of 3% & 5% MnO2 results in recovery values of 12% and 24% for gold and copper. Observation of the cross section shows the dissolution of the copper metal from the PCB and accompanied by a change in the color of the solution from clear to green, the more concentrated the more the amount of dissolved copper metal shows the characteristic of CuCl solution. The results of the comparison of the two types of oxidizers show that H2O2 is better than MnO2 in producing higher Cu and Au metals more than 3 times

Mortality among healthcare workers in Indonesia during 18 months of COVID-19

The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infections upon Indonesian health care workers (HCWs) is unknown due to the lack of systematic collection and analysis of mortality data specific to HCWs in this setting. This report details the results of a systematic compilation, abstraction and analysis of HCW fatalities in Indonesia during the first 18 months of COVID-19. HCW who passed away between March 2020 and July 2021 were identified using Pusara Digital, a community-based digital cemetery database dedicated to HCW. We calculated the mortality rates and death risk ratio of HCWs versus the general population. The analysis indicates that at least 1,545 HCWs died during the study period. Death rates among males and females HCWs were nearly equivalent (51% vs. 49%). The majority were physicians and specialists (535, 35%), nurses (428, 28%), and midwives (359, 23%). Most deaths occurred between the ages of 40 to 59 years old, with the median age being 50 years (IQR: 39–59). At least 322 deaths (21%) occurred with pre-existing conditions, including 45 pregnant women. During the first 18 months of COVID-19 in Indonesia, we estimated a minimum HCW mortality rate of 1.707 deaths per 1,000 HCWs. The provincial rates of HCW mortality ranged from 0.136 (West Sulawesi) to 5.32 HCW deaths per 1,000 HCWs (East Java). The HCW mortality rate was significantly higher than that of the general population (RR = 4.92, 95% CI 4.67–5.17). The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia resulted in the loss of many hundreds of HCWs, the majority of whom were senior healthcare workers. The HCW mortality rate is five times that of the general population. A national systematic surveillance of occupational mortality is urgently needed in this setting

Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviors of Biodegradable Mg-1Zn-1Zr-xSn Alloys Prepared by Powder-In-Tube Rolling

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of Sn addition on the mechanical and corrosion properties of Mg-1Zn-1Zr-xSn (x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 wt.%) alloys prepared by powder-in-tube rolling (PTR) method. The PTR-treated Mg alloys reached 98.3% of theoretical density. The hardness of the alloy increased with Sn addition. Two main intermetallic phases, Mg2Sn and Zn2Zr3, were formed in the alloys. The Mg2Sn intermetallic particles were observed along the grain boundaries, while the Zn2Zr3 particles were distributed in the Mg matrix. The addition of 1 wt. % Sn caused the corrosion potential to shift toward a more positive value, and the resulting alloy exhibited low corrosion current density

Characteristics of iron ore sinter with EFB addition

Utilization of EFB-derived biochar in sintering of iron ore has been conducted in this work with regards to the porosity of iron sinter. EFB has been heated up in argon atmosphere to 450ºC in order to produce biochar. In the present work, the sintering process was conducted at 1150ºC with variations of biochar content from 5% to 10%. In this case, the apparent density for iron sinter shows significant decrease as the biochar addition increase. The porosity of iron sinter showed a gradual increment from 5% to 7.5% and escalated at 10% biochar content. The results of porosity and apparent density were in line with the micrograph of iron sinter

Effect of Primary Reference Fuel on Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Emission Produce

Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition or also known as RCCI mode engine is a modified of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine in which have a better control in combustion and wider load range. The strategies of RCCI mode in controlling the combustion is by using dual fuel of different reactivity such as diesel (high reactivity fuel) and gasoline (low reactivity fuel). The objective of this experimental investigation is to evaluate the effect of Primary Reference Fuel towards the emission produce by the RCCI engine mode. Single cylinder CI engine with port injection system is used in this study. Two alkane-based, iso-octane and n-heptane were blend together, PRF80 (80% iso-octane + 20% n-heptane) fuel mixtures were used throughout this study as low reactivity fuel in port injection system and pure diesel as high reactivity fuel in direct injection system. Result found that the performance of RCCI mode engine improve with the use of alkane (iso-octane and n-heptane) in the PRF80 blends especially in comparison to normal mode CI engine (using diesel only). In terms of emission, by using PRF80 in RCCI mode engine, the NOx reduce almost 95% of normal CI engine NOx production. As a result of applying PRF as a low reactivity fuel in an RCCI engine system, knocking resistance may be produced even at high engine compression ratios, resulting in better thermal efficiency and reduced NOx-Soot emissions

Effect of temperature on porosity of iron ore sinter with biochar derived from EFB

This paper presents the outcomes of an experimental investigation on the effects of forming temperature and sintering schedule to the final characteristics of FeCuAl powder mass formed at different temperature and sintered at different schedule. A lab-scale uni-axial die compaction rig was designed and fabricated which enabled the compaction of powder mass at room temperature as well as elevated temperature. Iron (Fe) powder ASC 100.29 was mechanically mixed with other elemental powders, namely copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al) for 60 minutes and compacted at three different temperature, i.e., 30°C, 150°C, and 200°C by applying 425 MPa of simultaneous downward and upward axial loading to generate green compacts. The as-pressed samples were inspected visually and the defect-free green compacts were subsequently sintered in an argon gas fired furnace at 800°C for 60 min at three different heating/cooling rates, i.e., 5, 10, and 15°C/min, respectively. The sintered samples were then characterised for their physical, electrical, and mechanical properties. The microstructures of the sintered samples were also analysed. The results revealed that a forming temperature of 150°C and a sintering rate of 10°C/min could produce a product with better characteristic