Pengembangan Modul Biologi Berbasis Guided Inquiry untuk Memberdayakan Keterampilan Proses Sains Siswa Kelas X pada Materi Pencemaran Lingkungan SMA Negeri 1 Ngemplak Boyolali

Tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk: 1) Mengetahui karakteristik produk Modul Biologi Berbasis Guided Inquiry untuk memberdayakan keterampilan proses sains siswa kelas X pada materi pencemaran lingkungan SMA Negeri 1 Ngemplak Boyolali, 2) Mengetahui kelayakan produk Modul Biologi Berbasis Guided Inquiry untuk memberdayakan keterampilan proses sains siswa kelas X pada materi pencemaran lingkungan SMA Negeri 1 Ngemplak Boyolali, dan 3) Mengetahui efektivitas produk Modul Biologi Berbasis Guided Inquiry untuk memberdayakan keterampilan proses sains siswa kelas X pada materi pencemaran lingkungan SMA Negeri 1 Ngemplak Boyolali. Jenis penelitian merupakan penelitian pengembangan (Research and Development) yang termodifikasi dari Gall, Borg and Gall (2003) melalui tahapan-tahapan: penelitian dan pengumpulan informasi, perencanaan, pengembangan produk awal, uji coba produk awal, revisi produk I, uji coba lapangan terbatas, revisi produksi II, uji lapangan operasional, revisi produk akhir, diseminasi dan implementasi produk. Hasil penelitian, yaitu: 1) Modul Biologi Berbasis Guided Inquiry dikembangkan menggunakan model Gall, Borg and Gall termodifikasi melalui 10 tahap dan prosedur pengembangan modul biologi, yaitu integrasi antara basis guided inquiry yang mewarnai modul dengan keterampilan proses sains. Sintaks guided inquiry dapat menguatkan keterampilan proses sains yang dirancang pada matrik sebagai dasar dan warna modul yang dikembangkan, 2) Kelayakan Modul Biologi Berbasis Guided Inquiry setelah dilakukannya uji coba produk awal, uji coba lapangan terbatas, dan uji lapangan operasional didapatkan rata-rata sebesar 3,58 dengan persentase sebesar 89,5% dikategorikan ˝Baik˝, dan 3) Efektivitas Modul Biologi Berbasis Guided Inquiry didapatkan nilai N-gain dari keterampilan proses sains siswa sebesar 0,62 yang dikategorikan ˝Sedang˝, dan hasil belajar kognitif siswa yaitu sebesar 0,71 dikategorikan ˝Tinggi˝ dengan hasil signifikansi sebesar p=0,000

Tourism income and economic growth in Greece: Empirical evidence from their cyclical components

This paper examines the relationship between the cyclical components of Greek GDP and international tourism income for Greece for the period 1976–2004. Using spectral analysis the authors find that cyclical fluctuations of GDP have a length of about nine years and that international tourism income has a cycle of about seven years. The volatility of tourism income is more than eight times the volatility of the Greek GDP cycle. VAR analysis shows that the cyclical component of tourism income is significantly influencing the cyclical component of GDP in Greece. The findings support the tourism-led economic growth hypothesis and are of particular interest and importance to policy makers, financial analysts and investors dealing with the Greek tourism industry

Energy Security and Economics of Indian Biofuel Strategy in a Global Context

The emergence of biofuel as a renewable energy source offers opportunities for climate change mitigation and greater energy security for many countries. At the same time, biofuel represents the possibility of substitution between energy and food. For developing countries like India, which imports over 75% of its crude oil, fossil fuels pose two risks - global warming pollution and negative economic impacts of oil price hikes. This paper examines India's options for managing energy price risk in three ways: biofuel development, energy efficiency promotion, and food productivity improvements. The overall results suggest that biodiesel shows promise as a transport fuel substitute that can be produced in ways that fully utilize marginal agricultural resources and hence promote rural livelihoods. First-generation bioethanol, by contrast, appears to have a limited ability to offset the impacts of oil price hikes. Combining the biodiesel expansion policy with energy efficiency improvements and food productivity increases proved to be a more effective strategy to enhance both energy and food security, help mitigate climate change, and cushion the economy against oil price shocks

Iron(II) complexes of tridentate indazolylpyridine ligands: enhanced spin-crossover hysteresis and ligand-based fluorescence.

Reaction of 2,6-difluoropyridine with 2 equiv of indazole and NaH at room temperature affords a mixture of 2,6-bis(indazol-1-yl)pyridine (1-bip), 2-(indazol-1-yl)-6-(indazol-2-yl)pyridine (1,2-bip), and 2,6-bis(indazol-2-yl)pyridine (2-bip), which can be separated by solvent extraction. A two-step procedure using the same conditions also affords both 2-(indazol-1-yl)-6-(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (1-ipp) and 2-(indazol-2-yl)-6-(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (2-ipp). These are all annelated analogues of 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine, an important ligand for spin-crossover complexes. Iron(II) complexes [Fe(1-bip)2](2+), [Fe(1,2-bip)2](2+), and [Fe(1-ipp)2](2+) are low-spin at room temperature, reflecting sterically imposed conformational rigidity of the 1-indazolyl ligands. In contrast, the 2-indazolyl complexes [Fe(2-bip)2](2+) and [Fe(2-ipp)2](2+) are high-spin in solution at room temperature, whereas salts of [Fe(2-bip)2](2+) exhibit thermal spin transitions in the solid state. Notably, [Fe(2-bip)2][BF4]2·2MeNO2 adopts a terpyridine embrace lattice structure and undergoes a spin transition near room temperature after annealing, resulting in thermal hysteresis that is wider than previously observed for this structure type (T1/2 = 266 K, ΔT = 16-20 K). This reflects enhanced mechanical coupling between the cations in the lattice through interdigitation of their ligand arms, which supports a previously proposed structure/function relationship for spin-crossover materials with this form of crystal packing. All of the compounds in this work exhibit blue fluorescence in solution under ambient conditions. In most cases, the ligand-based emission maxima are slightly red shifted upon complexation, but there is no detectable correlation between the emission maximum and the spin state of the iron centers