Existencia de una estructura ?ptima de capital

La estructura de capital de una empresa es la combinaci?n de deuda y patrimonio con la que se planea financiar las inversiones que generar?n los ingresos futuros (flujos de caja). Tanto la deuda como el patrimonio tienen rendimientos exigidos (RB y RS respectivamente), con los cuales, cuando se ponderan por su respectiva participaci?n, se obtiene el costo promedio ponderado de capital (RWACC); es decir, el costo global en que la empresa incurre por los fondos recibidos. De ah? que lo m?s conveniente para una compa??a sea disminuir este costo lo m?ximo posible, pues esto a su vez aumenta su valor. Modigliani y Miller propusieron que, en un mundo con impuestos, mientras mayor sea el apalancamiento, menor ser? el RWACC y, por ende, mayor ser? el valor de la empresa, lo que implica que esta puede apalancarse sin l?mite y seguir incrementando su valor indefinidamente, lo cual no se condice con la realidad. Otras teor?as afirman que la empresa no puede endeudarse indefinidamente, sino que existe un punto de inflexi?n a partir del cual aparecen costos asociados a la excesiva deuda (quiebra, agencia, etc.) que causan que el valor de la empresa deje de aumentar y, por el contrario, comience a disminuir. Calcular este punto de inflexi?n ser?a hallar la estructura ?ptima de capital. Esta investigaci?n se enfoc? en encontrar y brindar un modelo matem?tico que permita sustentar anal?ticamente el concepto del punto de inflexi?n y su c?lculo bas?ndose en la premisa de que los costos de quiebra, agencia y otros asociados al aumento de la deuda se reflejan en la tasa RB. As?, se logr? determinar las expresiones matem?ticas de RS, y sobre todo de RB, que permiten que exista un costo promedio ponderado de capital (RWAAC) m?nimo y, de esta forma, que tambi?n exista una estructura ?ptima de capital. Adicionalmente, se presenta un ejercicio comparativo utilizando un estudio previo de estructura ?ptima de capital con el fin de comparar resultados y determinar si el modelo anal?tico desarrollado en el presente trabajo brinda resultados congruentes con los desarrollos de aquel

Plan de negocio para la implementaci?n de un camposanto en la provincia de Sullana del departamento de Piura

Este trabajo constituye un plan de negocio para evaluar la idea de crear un nuevo camposanto en la ciudad de Sullana perteneciente a la provincia de Sullana, una de las ocho provincias del departamento de Piura, cuyos servicios est?n orientados a todos los niveles socioecon?micos del sector. La decisi?n de desarrollar un Plan de Negocios ubicado en la ciudad de Sullana se tom? considerando varios factores, entre ellos su poblaci?n que asciende a m?s de 300,000 habitantes, el crecimiento productivo en el sector agroindustrial y principalmente por la falta de oferta que se ajuste a un buen indicador de calidad - precio. Sullana es una de las ocho provincias del departamento de Piura que cuenta con un creciente ?ndice demogr?fico, siendo en la actualidad la segunda provincia m?s importante en la regi?n Piura, tanto en poblaci?n como en producci?n. Sin embargo, a pesar de estas condiciones que posibilitan el desarrollo e implementaci?n de diversos proyectos que mejorar?an los servicios de la poblaci?n, Sullana no cuenta con muchas alternativas en el mercado de cementerios, considerando adem?s que el emblem?tico Cementerio de la Beneficencia ?San Jos?? no cuenta con capacidad suficiente para realizar m?s sepulturas; es por ello que las personas optan por acceder a ofertas que no brindan buen servicio y tienen precios bastante altos

Identification of a Profile of Neutrophil-Derived Granule Proteins in the Surface of Gold Nanoparticles after Their Interaction with Human Breast Cancer Sera

It is well known that the interaction of a nanomaterial with a biological fluid leads to the formation of a protein corona (PC) surrounding the nanomaterial. Using standard blood analyses, alterations in protein patterns are difficult to detect. PC acts as a "nano-concentrator" of serum proteins with affinity for nanoparticles' surface. Consequently, characterization of PC could allow detection of otherwise undetectable changes in protein concentration at an early stage of a disease, such as breast cancer (BC). Here, we employed gold nanoparticles (AuNPsdiameter: 10.02 +/- 0.91 nm) as an enrichment platform to analyze the human serum proteome of BC patients (n = 42) and healthy controls (n = 42). Importantly, the analysis of the PC formed around AuNPs after their interaction with serum samples of BC patients showed a profile of proteins that could differentiate breast cancer patients from healthy controls. These proteins developed a significant role in the immune and/or innate immune system, some of them being neutrophil-derived granule proteins. The analysis of the PC also revealed serum proteome alterations at the subtype level

Stable expression of Escherichia coli {beta}-glucuronidase A (GusA) in Giardia lamblia: application to high-throughput drug susceptibility testing

Objectives In order to create a suitable model for high-throughput drug screening, a Giardia lamblia WB C6 strain expressing Escherichia coli glucuronidase A (GusA) was created and tested with respect to susceptibility to the anti-giardial drugs nitazoxanide and metronidazole. Methods GusA, a well-established reporter gene in other systems, was cloned into the vector pPacVInteg allowing stable expression in G. lamblia under control of the promoter from the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene. The resulting transgenic strain was compared with the wild-type strain in a vitality assay, characterized with respect to susceptibility to nitazoxanide, metronidazole and-as assessed in a 96-well plate format-to a panel of 15 other compounds to be tested for anti-giardial activity. Results GusA was stably expressed in G. lamblia. Using a simple glucuronidase assay protocol, drug efficacy tests yielded results similar to those from cell counting. Conclusions G. lamblia WB C6 GusA is a suitable tool for high-throughput anti-giardial drug screening

Effect of antiseptic gels in the microbiologic colonization of the suture threads after oral surgery

Three different bioadhesive gels were evaluated in a double-blind randomized clinical trial in which microbial growth in the suture thread was assessed following post-surgical application of the aforementioned gels. Also assessed in this trial were, the intensity of post-surgical pain as well as the degree of healing of the patients' surgical wounds. A total of 21 patients (with 42 wisdom teeth) participated in this trial. Chlorhexidine gel, chlorhexidine-chitosan gel, and hyaluronic acid gel were evaluated, with a neutral water-based gel serving as the control agent. The aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacterial recovery on blood agar was lower in the placebo group than in the experimental groups. The most significant difference (p = 0.04) was observed in the chlorhexidine-chitosan group. in which the growth of Blood Agar and Mitis Salivarius Agar was significantly higher than in the placebo group. The intensity of post-surgical pain was very similar among all the groups. Significantly better healing rates were observed in the patients treated with chlorhexidine-chitosan gel when compared with those who used the placebo gel (p = 0.03), and in particular when compared with those patients who used hyaluronic acid gel (p = 0.01). Through our microbiological analyses, we were able to conclude that none of the bioadhesive gels tested resulted in beneficial reductions in the bacterial/fungal populations. However, the healing rates of patients who were treated with chlorhexidine-chitosan were better than those of the patients who used either the placebo gel or the hyaluronic acid gel

Auditory time perception in Huntington’s disease

Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by early involvement of the striatum. It affects the pace of repetitive motor activity, as motor timing depends on basal ganglia activity. However, data are lacking on the impact of this process on auditory time perception in motor non-affected gene carriers.Objective: This work aims to test the performance in time perception of a group of mutation carriers, either without motor symptoms or at an early stage of motor involvement. This should allow designing therapies targeting compensation strategies and possibly be used as a disease progression marker.Method: Time was assessed using two different tasks. An absolute, duration-based time perception was assessed in a first task and a relative, beat-based time perception was assessed in a second one. HD-mutation carriers with low-to-middle grades of motor involvement (HD-motor, n = 10) or without motor signs (HD-premotor n = 21), were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls (control (n = 27)). Thresholds of time difference perception where assessed.Results: For both tasks, poorer performances were found in HD-motor patients as compared with HD-premotor and controls. Thresholds of time difference perception correlated positively with the CAP score for the whole group of HD-gene carriers in both tasks. In a post-hoc exploratory analysis performed by a multiple regression, a negative correlation was found between the thresholds in both tasks and the Stroop interference test. Furthermore, in the first task, a positive correlation was found between thresholds and a trail making B test and a negative one with a total functional score.Conclusion: Our data confirm that the impairment in time perception in persons affected by HD correlates with the advancing disease. They also suggest that time perception depends on similar cognitive mechanisms as the ones sub-serving the Stroop interference test

Value of Serum NEUROG1 Methylation for the Detection of Advanced Adenomas and Colorectal Cancer

Aberrant DNA methylation detected in liquid biopsies is a promising approach for colorectal cancer (CRC) detection, including premalignant advanced adenomas (AA). We evaluated the diagnostic capability of serum NEUROG1 methylation for the detection of AA and CRC. A CpG island in NEUROG1 promoter was assessed by bisulfite pyrosequencing in a case-control cohort to select optimal CpGs. Selected sites were evaluated through a nested methylation-specific qPCR custom assay in a screening cohort of 504 asymptomatic family-risk individuals. Individuals with no colorectal findings and benign pathologies showed low serum NEUROG1 methylation, similar to non-advanced adenomas. Contrarily, individuals bearing AA or CRC (advanced neoplasia-AN), exhibited increased NEUROG1 methylation. Using >1.3518% as NEUROG1 cut-off (90.60% specificity), 33.33% of AN and 32.08% of AA were identified, detecting 50% CRC cases. Nonetheless, the combination of NEUROG1 with fecal immunochemical test (FIT), together with age and gender through a multivariate logistic regression resulted in an AUC = 0.810 for AN, and 0.796 for AA, detecting all cancer cases and 35-47% AA (specificity 98-95%). The combination of NEUROG1 methylation with FIT, age and gender demonstrated a convenient performance for the detection of CRC and AA, providing a valuable tool for CRC screening programs in asymptomatic individuals

Estudio de viabilidad y sostenibilidad de un plan de negocio para la producci?n y comercializaci?n de calzado femenino en la empresa negociaciones Fabio Vatelli EIRL

El presente plan de negocio analiza la viabilidad de una nueva l?nea de negocio que presenta un nuevo concepto de calzado femenino para el uso laboral, enfocado en la comodidad y confort, en la empresa Negociaciones Fabio Vatelli EIRL, empresa familiar en operaci?n, dedicada en la actualidad a la producci?n y comercializaci?n de calzado masculino. El objetivo principal es determinar si es viable esta nueva l?nea de negocio para Negociaciones Fabio Vatelli EIRL implementar la nueva l?nea de calzado femenino. Para tal efecto se plantean los siguientes objetivos espec?ficos: - Realizar el an?lisis de la situaci?n actual de la industria de calzado en el Per?. - Realizar una investigaci?n de mercado para determinar la demanda del producto. - Proponer una nueva l?nea de negocio, cuyo producto y servicio se define basado en el estudio de mercado y la competencia - Proponer la estrategia para la puesta en marcha y los planes funcionales de marketing, operaciones y recursos humanos. - Evaluar econ?mica y financieramente el negocio propuesto