Mathematical Modeling for Radial Overcut on Electrical Discharge Machining of Incoloy 800 by Response Surface Methodology

AbstractIn the present study, Response surface methodology is applied for prediction of radial overcut in die sinking electrical discharge machining (EDM) process for Incoloy 800 superalloy with copper electrode. The current, pulse-ontime, pulse-off time and voltage are considered as input process parameters to study the ROC. The experiments were planned as per central composite design (CCD) method. After conducting 30 experiments, a mathematical model was developed to correlate the influences of these machining parameters and ROC. The significant coefficients were obtained by performing ANOVA at 5% level of significance. From the obtained results,It was found that current and voltage have significant effect on the radial overcut. The predicted results based on developed models are found to be in good agreement with the The predicted values match the experimental results reasonably well with the coefficient of determination 0.9699 for ROC

B cell responses to a peptide epitope. X. Epitope selection in a primary response is thermodynamically regulated

We examine the etiological basis of hierarchical immunodominance of B cell epitopes on a multideterminant Ag. A model T-dependant immunogen, containing a single immunodominant B cell epitope, was used. The primary IgM response to this peptide included Abs directed against diverse determinants presented by the peptide. Interestingly, affinity of individual monomeric IgM Abs segregated around epitope recognized and was independent of their clonal origins. Furthermore, affinity of Abs directed against the immunodominant epitope were markedly higher than that of the alternate specificities. These studies suggested that the affinity of an epitope-specific primary response, and variations therein, may be determined by the chemical composition of epitope. This inference was supported by thermodynamic analyses of monomer IgM binding to Ag, which revealed that this interaction occurs at the expense of unfavorable entropy changes. Permissible binding required compensation by net enthalpic changes. Finally, the correlation between chemical composition of an epitope, the resultant affinity of the early primary humoral response, and its eventual influence on relative immunogenicity could be experimentally verified. This was achieved by examining the effect of various amino-terminal substitutions on immunogenicity of a, hitherto cryptic, amino-terminal determinant. Such experiments permitted delineation of a hierarchy of individual amino acid residues based on their influence; which correlated well with calculated Gibbs-free energy changes that individual residue side chains were expected to contribute in a binding interaction. Thus, maturation of a T-dependant humoral response is initiated by a step that is under thermodynamic control

Effect of different recycled fisheries and domestic waste compost on the production of Spirulina platensis

Solid wastes of finfish and shellfish could be converted into bio-manure through composting process and it can be used for protein (Spirulina) production through aquaculture and bioremediation. The study is aimed for Spirulina production from different recycled fisheries and domestic wastes under homestead condition. The different wastes were collected from different sources and were converted into manure by composting process. The Spirulina is produced in five culture treatments fertilized with composts viz., trash fish compost (T-1), cephalopod compost (T-2), crustacean compost (T-3), mangrove compost (T-4) and kitchen waste compost (T-5) and the control without fertilizer compost (C) for sixty days. The population of Spirulina platensis was higher in cephalopod composted tanks (T-2) when compared to the other treatments. The compost made by cephalopod waste, and trash fish waste, may profitably be recycled for the production of protein-rich Spirulina under homestead condition

B cell responses to a peptide epitope. V. Kinetic regulation of repertoire discrimination and antibody optimization for epitope

The influence of imposing various conformational constraints on immune responses to a model epitope within a synthetic peptide immunogen was examined in mice. Although overall immunogenicity was affected, the model epitope (sequence DPAF) remained the predominant recognition site regardless of the conformation in which it was presented. A comparison of anti-DPAF mAbs obtained in response to two analogue peptides, PS1CT3 and CysCT3, in which the DPAF segment was either unconstrained or held within a cyclic loop, respectively, revealed a significant homology in the paratope composition. At one level a subset of anti-PS1CT3 and anti-CysCT3 mAbs was found to share a common heavy chain variable region. In addition, nucleotide sequence homology comparisons of both heavy and light chain variable regions identified the presence of anti-PS1CT3 and anti-CysCT3 mAbs that collectively appeared to derive from a common progenitor, but with nonidentical somatic mutations. Interestingly, however, no bias toward homologous Ag could be discerned on measurement of relative affinities of the mAbs for the two peptides. In contrast, mAb binding on-rates clearly discriminated between peptides representing the homologous vs the heterologous confomer of the DPAF epitope. Thus, it would appear that the kinetics of Ag recognition dominate over equilibrium binding criteria both in epitope-driven repertoire selection and Ab maturation in a humoral response

Macro-, micro-and re-entrant shape forming of sheets of alloy Ti-6A1-4V

Experiments involving macro-, micro-and re-entrant shape forming in superplastic Ti-6A1-4V alloy sheets of initial thickness 1.6 mm are described. Macroforming followed by microforming into grooves of different geometry as well as re-entrant shape cum micro-forming could be completed successfully. The rate of forming into a wider groove was greater than into a narrower groove but microforming and the filling of corner radii of grooves required considerably more pressure and time than macroforming. For the chosen geometries, at the end of the macroforming stage there was a significant thickness gradient which led to a highly non-uniform thickness distribution after microforming. The effects of the geometry of the dies and the changes in the experimental conditions have also been discussed

Effect of different recycled fisheries and domestic waste compost on the production of Spirulina platensis

612-617Solid wastes of finfish and shellfish could be converted into bio-manure through composting process and it can be used for protein (Spirulina) production through aquaculture and bioremediation. The study is aimed for Spirulina production from different recycled fisheries and domestic wastes under homestead condition. The different wastes were collected from different sources and were converted into manure by composting process. The Spirulina is produced in five culture treatments fertilized with composts viz., trash fish compost (T-1), cephalopod compost (T-2), crustacean compost (T-3), mangrove compost (T-4) and kitchen waste compost (T-5) and the control without fertilizer compost (C) for sixty days. The population of Spirulina platensis was higher in cephalopod composted tanks (T-2) when compared to the other treatments. The compost made by cephalopod waste, and trash fish waste, may profitably be recycled for the production of protein-rich Spirulina under homestead condition