Safety Critical Systems Analysis

Abstract - A brief overview of the fields that must be considered when designing, implementing safety-critical systems is presented. The notion of safety is most likely to come to mind when we drive a car, fly on an airliner, or take an elevator ride. In each case, we are concerned with the threat of a mishap, which defined as an unplanned event or series of events that result in death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property or damage to the environment

Reaction Between Copper Sulphide & Sulphur Trioxide

103-10

A prospective study on postmenopausal bleeding-causes and its diagnosis using transvaginal ultrasound and hysteroscopy

Background: Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is considered a red flag symptom and warrants further examination and evaluation. Trans-vaginalsonography (TVS) can be used reliably to diagnose fibroids, polyps and thickened endometrium. Hysteroscopy is considered “gold standard” for evaluating endometrial cavity. It provides direct visualization of endometrial cavity. It can have both diagnostic as well as operative purpose however, it is not cost effective, an invasive procedure and requires anesthesia and expertise. Present study was designed and carried out to study aetiology and prevalence of PMB in Central India as well as to evaluate the efficacy of TVS and hysteroscopy in diagnosis of different endometrial pathologies in patients with PMB.Methods: This prospective study included 82 post-menopausal women with PMB who attended the gynaecological clinic from December, 2019 to December, 2020 at Motherhood hospital, Indore, India after ethical clearance. A detailed history, examination followed by transvaginal sonography was made. Hysteroscopy was then performed, and biopsy was obtained in all patients. Hysteroscopic and sonographic images were then analyzed and conformed with the histopathologic diagnosis.Results: Most common endometrial pathology was atrophic endometrium followed by endometrial polyp and hyperplasia. Endometrial carcinoma was observed in (3.66%) females. Other findings in cases of secretory, proliferative endometrium and endometritis accounted for 6.09%. The diagnostic accuracy of ET by TVS at a cut-off point of 5 mm was 94% with sensitivity 89.3%, specificity 100%, PPV 100% and NPV 88%. The diagnostic accuracy of hysteroscopy was 98% with sensitivity 96.4%, specificity 100%, PPV 100% and NPV 95.7%.Conclusions: TVS with ET measurement should first line investigation in the evaluation of women with PMB with suspected endometrial pathology because of cost effectiveness, easy accessibility and non-invasive method of diagnosis. Although hysteroscopy is more specific and sensitive, in poor resource settings it should be limited to cases with illdefined endometrial lining, recurrent/ persistent bleeding and cases with endometrial thickness greater than 5 mm irrespective of endometrial echotexture

Nutrients, Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Properties of Multi-Whole Grain Mix for Drink and Porridge

Whole grains are reported to be rich in nutrients, nutraceuticals and have number of health beneficial effects. A convenient multi-whole grain mix for the preparation of a drink or porridge was formulated by using cereals, millets, pulses and nuts. Particle size was mostly of 180-250 microns (52%). Amylograph characteristics like GT, PV, HPV, CPV were 82°C, 285BU, 310BU, and 605BU, respectively were ideal for drink. The mix was found to be rich in carbohydrate, protein, fibre and calorie. The 100g of the mix had nutraceuticals like carotenoids (290µg), γ-tocopherol (4.6mg), α-tocopherol (1.5mg), and polyphenols-soluble, bound and total (94,132 and 226mg GA Eq.). Bioactive properties like vitamin E activity, free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity and starch digestibility were 2.6i.u., 153mg catechin.Eq./100g, 17mg Tocopherol equivalent and 61.8%. Mix was sensorily acceptable in the form of drink and porridge and can be used as an ideal nutritious food for all age group

An anomalous variation in the innervation pattern of the peroneus longus muscle by deep peroneal nerve: a case report

The muscles of the leg are partitioned into three compartments (anterior, lateral and posterior) which have separate innervations. The peroneus longus muscle is included in the lateral compartment and is innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve. We report an unusual finding in the innervation pattern of the peroneus longus muscle on the right side of a 65 year old female cadaver, in which the branches from the deep peroneal nerve were found to innervate the peroneus longus muscle. This finding is of academic interest and clinical significance to surgeons operating on the proximal fibula for nerve decompression, high tibial osteotomy andnerve transfer operations.Key words: Deep peroneal, common peroneal,nerve, peroneus longus, variations

A First-Order Explicit-Implicit Splitting Method for a Convection-Diffusion Problem

We analyze a second-order in space, first-order in time accurate finite difference method for a spatially periodic convection-diffusion problem. This method is a time stepping method based on the first-order Lie splitting of the spatially semidiscrete solution. In each time step, on an interval of length k, of this solution, the method uses the backward Euler method for the diffusion part, and then applies a stabilized explicit forward Euler approximation on m >= 1 intervals of length k/m for the convection part. With h the mesh width in space, this results in an error bound of the form C(0)h(2) + C(m)k for appropriately smooth solutions, where C-m <= C\u27 + C-\u27\u27/m. This work complements the earlier study [V. Thomee and A. S. Vasudeva Murthy, An explicit- implicit splitting method for a convection-diffusion problem, Comput. Methods Appl. Math. 19 (2019), no. 2, 283-293] based on the second-order Strang splitting

Studies of Phosphazenes: Part II*-Reactions of Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazatriene with N-Methylaniline

823-82

Do informally managed sacred groves have higher richness and regeneration of medicinal plants than state-managed reserve forests?

Sacred groves are ‘traditionally managed’ forest patches that functionally link social life and forest management system of a region. It is believed that one of the prime utilities of sacred groves is the protection and occasional supply of medicinal plants. We assessed the regeneration among sacred groves of the central Western Ghats, India, and compared it with the ‘state-managed reserve forests’. Overall, nearly 60% of the regenerating species were medicinally important. The density of regenerating medicinal plants among sacred groves was almost twice as that of reserve forests. There were a higher number of seedlings (Class-II), saplings (Class-III) and poles (Class-IV) of medicinally important plants in sacred groves than among reserve forests. Further, we found that nearly 40% of medicinally important species were unique to sacred groves; in contrast, only 11% was unique to reserve forests. However, nearly equal proportions (29 vs 27%) of ‘non-medicinal plants’ were unique to sacred groves and to reserve forests. These results suggest that informal management systems such as sacred groves have not only conserved useful species, but people have tended to ‘discover’ medicinal values more often among plants unique to sacred groves, than those found in other landscapes. Perhaps, this typifies one preliminary step in medicinal-plant domestication

An Explicit-Implicit Splitting Method for a Convection-Diffusion Problem

We analyze a second-order accurate finite difference method for a spatially periodic convection-diffusion problem. The method is a time stepping method based on the Strang splitting of the spatially semidiscrete solution, in which the diffusion part uses the Crank-Nicolson method and the convection part the explicit forward Euler approximation on a shorter time interval. When the diffusion coefficient is small, the forward Euler method may be used also for the diffusion term