83 research outputs found
Planform selection in two-layer Benard-Marangoni convection
Benard-Marangoni convection in a system of two superimposed liquids is
investigated theoretically. Extending previous studies the complete
hydrodynamics of both layers is treated and buoyancy is consistently taken into
account. The planform selection problem between rolls, squares and hexagons is
investigated by explicitly calculating the coefficients of an appropriate
amplitude equation from the parameters of the fluids. The results are compared
with recent experiments on two-layer systems in which squares at onset have
been reported.Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures, oscillatory instability included, typos
corrected, references adde
Onset of Surface-Tension-Driven Benard Convection
Experiments with shadowgraph visualization reveal a subcritical transition to
a hexagonal convection pattern in thin liquid layers that have a free upper
surface and are heated from below. The measured critical Marangoni number (84)
and observation of hysteresis (3%) agree with theory. In some experiments,
imperfect bifurcation is observed and is attributed to deterministic forcing
caused in part by the lateral boundaries in the experiment.Comment: 4 pages. The RevTeX file has a macro allowing various styles. The
appropriate style is "mypprint" which is the defaul
Low-Prandtl-number B\'enard-Marangoni convection in a vertical magnetic field
The effect of a homogeneous magnetic field on surface-tension-driven
B\'{e}nard convection is studied by means of direct numerical simulations. The
flow is computed in a rectangular domain with periodic horizontal boundary
conditions and the free-slip condition on the bottom wall using a
pseudospectral Fourier-Chebyshev discretization. Deformations of the free
surface are neglected. Two- and three-dimensional flows are computed for either
vanishing or small Prandtl number, which are typical of liquid metals. The main
focus of the paper is on a qualitative comparison of the flow states with the
non-magnetic case, and on the effects associated with the possible
near-cancellation of the nonlinear and pressure terms in the momentum equations
for two-dimensional rolls. In the three-dimensional case, the transition from a
stationary hexagonal pattern at the onset of convection to three-dimensional
time-dependent convection is explored by a series of simulations at zero
Prandtl number.Comment: 26 pages, 9 figure
Experimental Control of Thermocapillary Convection in a Liquid Bridge
We demonstrate the stabilization of an isolated unstable periodic orbit in a liquid bridge convection experiment. A model independent, nonlinear control algorithm uses temperature measurements near the liquid interface to compute control perturbations which are applied by a thermoelectric element. The algorithm employs a time series reconstruction of a nonlinear control surface in a high dimensional phase space to alter the system dynamics
Pearling and Pinching: Propagation of Rayleigh Instabilities
A new category of front propagation problems is proposed in which a spreading
instability evolves through a singular configuration before saturating. We
examine the nature of this front for the viscous Rayleigh instability of a
column of one fluid immersed in another, using the marginal stability criterion
to estimate the front velocity, front width, and the selected wavelength in
terms of the surface tension and viscosity contrast. Experiments are suggested
on systems that may display this phenomenon, including droplets elongated in
extensional flows, capillary bridges, liquid crystal tethers, and viscoelastic
fluids. The related problem of propagation in Rayleigh-like systems that do not
fission is also considered.Comment: Revtex, 7 pages, 4 ps figs, PR
Long-Wavelength Instability in Surface-Tension-Driven Benard Convection
Laboratory studies reveal a deformational instability that leads to a drained
region (dry spot) in an initially flat liquid layer (with a free upper surface)
heated uniformly from below. This long-wavelength instability supplants
hexagonal convection cells as the primary instability in viscous liquid layers
that are sufficiently thin or are in microgravity. The instability occurs at a
temperature gradient 34% smaller than predicted by linear stability theory.
Numerical simulations show a drained region qualitatively similar to that seen
in the experiment.Comment: 4 pages. The RevTeX file has a macro allowing various styles. The
appropriate style is "mypprint" which is the defaul
Abscisic Acid Insensitive 4 transcription factor is an important player in the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) feeding.
Plants growing in constantly changeable environmental conditions are compelled to evolve regulatory mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. Effective defence to invaders is largely connected with phytohormone regulation, resulting in the production of numerous defensive proteins and specialized metabolites. In our work, we elucidated the role of the Abscisic Acid Insensitive 4 (ABI4) transcription factor in the plant response to the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM). This polyphagous mite is one of the most destructive herbivores, which sucks mesophyll cells of numerous crop and wild plants. Compared to the wild-type (Col-0) Arabidopsis thaliana plants, the abi4 mutant demonstrated increased susceptibility to TSSM, reflected as enhanced female fecundity and greater frequency of mite leaf damage after trypan blue staining. Because ABI4 is regarded as an important player in the plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signalling process, we investigated the plastid envelope membrane dynamics using stroma-associated fluorescent marker. Our results indicated a clear increase in the number of stroma-filled tubular structures deriving from the plastid membrane (stromules) in the close proximity of the site of mite leaf damage, highlighting the importance of chloroplast-derived signals in the response to TSSM feeding activity
A Functional Genomic Screen Combined with Time-Lapse Microscopy Uncovers a Novel Set of Genes Involved in Dorsal Closure of Drosophila Embryos
Morphogenesis, the establishment of the animal body, requires the coordinated rearrangement of cells and tissues regulated by a very strictly-determined genetic program. Dorsal closure of the epithelium in the Drosophila melanogaster embryo is one of the best models for such a complex morphogenetic event. To explore the genetic regulation of dorsal closure, we carried out a large-scale RNA interference-based screen in combination with in vivo time-lapse microscopy and identified several genes essential for the closure or affecting its dynamics. One of the novel dorsal closure genes, the small GTPase activator pebble (pbl), was selected for detailed analysis. We show that pbl regulates actin accumulation and protrusion dynamics in the leading edge of the migrating epithelial cells. In addition, pbl affects dorsal closure dynamics by regulating head involution, a morphogenetic process mechanically coupled with dorsal closure. Finally, we provide evidence that pbl is involved in closure of the adult thorax, suggesting its general requirement in epithelial closure processes
Measurement of the reaction gamma*p->phi p in deep, inelastic e(+)p scattering at HERA
The production of phi mesons in the reaction e(+)p --> e(+)phi p (phi --> K+K-), for 7 phi p cross section rises strongly with W. This behaviour is similar to that previously found for the gamma*p --> rho(0)p cross section. This strong dependence cannot be explained by production through soft pomeron exchange, It is, however, consistent with perturbative QCD expectations, where it reflects the rise of the gluon momentum density in the proton at small x. The ratio of sigma(phi)/sigma(rho(0)), which has previously been determined by ZEUS to be 0.065 +/- 0.013 (stat.) in photoproduction at a mean W of 70 GeV, is measured to be 0.18 +/- 0.05 (stat.) +/- 0.03 (syst.) at a mean Q(2) of 12.3 GeV2 and mean W of approximate to 100 GeV and is thus approaching at large Q(2) the value of 2/9 predicted from the quark charges of the vector mesons and a flavour independent production mechanism
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