Pulp and paper production from Spruce wood with kraft and modified kraft methods

In this study, kraft and modified kraft pulping methods were applied for spruce (Picea orientalis) wood collected from the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Fiber properties, carbohydrate contents, strength and optical properties of resultant paper were included to determine the properties of these pulp samples. Optimum kraft, kraft-borohydride (NaBH4), kraft- anthraquinone (AQ) and kraft-ethanol pulping conditions were determined. After determining screened yield, kappa number, viscosity, fiber length, fiber coarseness, α-cellulose, holocellulose, lignin and ash content, breaking length, tear indexes and burst indexes of the obtained pulp samples, the differences of SEM image of each pulp sample were captured and evaluated. The results indicated that kraft-AQ pulps from spruce wood exhibited better characteristics than the other pulp samples with lower kappa number, higher paper strength properties and optical properties. However, kraft-NaBH4 method gave pulps with closer characteristics to kraft-AQ and also gave a higher screened yield and α-cellulose ratio than the others

Komposisi Jenis Dan Kelmpahan Ikan Karang Di Perairan Pulau Parang Kepulauan Karimunjawa Jepara

Parang island is the most northwest island in the Karimunjawa islands, It has unique characteristic, namelyleeward and windwardwaters. It is suspected to be the factors that can affect the existence of coral reef ecosystem diversity and reef fish\u27s habitat.This study aims to determine the species composition and abundance of reef fish in the waters of Parang island, Karimunjawa.Data were collected by using abelttransectmethod(belt transect) along 75meter coastline. The results showed that the research location have a totally 1069 individuals. There were differences in the composition and abundance of reef fish in the waters in the east, south, west and north. The highest abundance of reef fish was found in the north side the island, there were 462 fish which composed of 20 species and 9 families. Family which has the highest species composition was Pomacentridae and Labridae. The lowest abundance of reef fish was found in the waters in the west side with 146 fish which was composed of 11 species of 5 family of reef fish, and species of fish that hasthe highest constituent of abundance was Family Pomacentridae and Labridae. There were 203 reef fish found on the south side of theParangisland thatborders directly with Kumbang Island, which was composed of 16 species, 8 family, and species of fish that has the highest constituent wereFamily Pomacentridae and Caesionidae. While in the waters of the eastern side the dominance fish was found Family Apogonidae fairly high as 144 individu, from the total 258 individu reef fish consisting of 15 species and 6 families.Differences incompositionandabundance species ofreef fishin the waters ofParang islandis presumably becauseof differences inthe life form condition ofcoral reef habitatfrom effect leeward and windward of Parangisland, Karimunjawa Islands

Analisis Preferensi Masyarakat Terhadap Bus Rapid Transit (Brt) Trans Semarang

Like other major cities, Semarang as the capitol city of the Central Java Province has problems in transportation. The problems emerge as a consequence of an increase in people mobility. At the same time, the quality of public transportation in Semarang has been a crucial issue as its development does not progress equally with the increase in people mobility.Using ordinary least square and binary logistic regression, this paper aims to analyse the preferences of public transportation users to use the Trans Semarang Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). Several variables namely the level of income, the private motorbike or car owning, and the BRT performance indicators are expected to explain the preferences of BRT. The probability of the BRT users to switch from BRT to other means of transportation when price is increased is expected to be explained using binary logistic regression. The result shows that the major users of the BRT are low level income households. Within this circumstance, the OLS estimation shows that price is sensitive to the BRT user preferences. An increase in the BRT price will result in higher probability of the BRT users to switch from BRT to other means of transportation. The level of income and the BRT performance have positive impact on the BRT user preferences. Private motorbike ownership has a negative effect against the BRT user preferences which means that motorbike is a close substitution to the BRT. However as the major users of BRT are low income households, we can not show any evidences that car ownership does matter for the BRT users

Transformasi Plasmid Ptrli Dengan Teknik Elektroporasi Pada Aspergillus Terreus Dan Uji Stabilitas Transforman

Aspergillus terreus is a Saprophyte fungus that produces several secondary metabolites as lovastatin (anti-cholesterol drug) and itaconic acid (a polymer material). Lovastatin is one of the statin class of drugs that have efficacy as antihypercholesterolemic. Plasmid transformation is the introduction and incorporation of exogenous plasmid into cells orprotoplast. In this study, pTRLI plasmid (pTRI inserts containing lovE gene as a regulator gene in the biosynthesis of lovastatin) will be transformed by electroporation transformation. The purpose of this research is transformation of pTRLI plasmid into protoplasts of Aspergillus terreus by electroporation and obtain stable transformants. The research was initiated by isolation of pTRLI plasmid. Then pTRLI plasmid was determined purity and concentration by nanodrop. Furthermore, Protoplasts of Aspergillus terreus were isolated enzymatically by adding an enzyme which can degrade the cell wall of Aspergillus terreus which contains chitin and cellulose. PTRLI plasmid were transformed into protoplasts of Aspergillus terreus by electroporation. These transformants were grown in Czapek-Dox medium containing pyrithiamine agar and the number of transformants mg-1 of pTRLI plasmid was calculated. Transformants were selected to grow in Czapek-Dox medium containing piritiamin 1 mg l-1. The number of transformants produced 187 transformants mg-1 of PTRLI plasmid. Transformants are stable up to five generations by growing the transformants in Czapek-Dox medium agar containing piritiamin 1 mg l-1. The success of the transformation indicated by ptrA gene in transformants that can be amplified by PCR. The size of fragment DNA is 801 bp

KAJIAN KOMPOSISI KIMIA, NILAI NUTRISI, DAN ETNOFARMAKOLOGIS TANAMAN GENUS KENARI

One species of canarium genus is Canarium indicum L which is an original plant from Indonesia. Utilization of some canarium nut species which spread around the world had been recognized, such as a source of nutritious food as well as its potency as raw material of medicine based on evidence-based scientific. In traditional medicine, was reported if canarium nut had been used for diabetes mellitus treatment, angina, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, expectorant, etc. This article aims to review the chemical composition, nutrient values, and potency of canarium nut as the raw material of medicine. Scientific data were obtained from online search results. From the searching was found that at least eight species of canarium nut reported which is related to chemical composition and its nutrition which also provide ethnopharmacological benefits. Overall results, all identified canarium nut species have a favorable chemical composition and nutritional values that can be utilized as functional, nutritional and medicinal food. Therefore, the result of this study also indicates if the canarium nut from Indonesia, C. indicum L., has not been thoroughly studied. That indicates by the lack of scientific paper which presented about C. indicum from Indonesia

Hydrogen peroxide bleaching of cellulose pulps obtained from brewer’s spent grain

Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) was evaluated for bleached pulp production. Two cellulose pulps with different chemical compositionswere produced by soda pulping: one from the original raw material and the other from material pretreated by dilute acid. Both of them were bleached by a totally chlorine-free sequence performed in three stages, using 5% hydrogen peroxide in the two initial, and a 0.25 NNaOHsolution in the last one. Chemical composition, kappa number, viscosity, brightness and yield of bleached and unbleached pulps were evaluated. The high hemicellulose (28.4% w/w) and extractives (5.8% w/w) contents in original BSG affected the pulping and bleaching processes.However, soda pulping of acid pretreated BSG gave a celluloserich pulp (90.4% w/w) with low hemicellulose and extractives contents (7.9% w/w and <3.4% w/w, respectively), which was easily bleached achieving a kappa number of 11.21, viscosity of 3.12 cp, brightness of 71.3%, cellulose content of 95.7% w/w, and residual lignin of 3.4% w/w. Alkaline and oxidative delignification of acid pretreated BSG was found as an attractive approach for producing high-purity, chlorine-free cellulose pulp.FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo), Brazil.CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico).Capes (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior)

Effects of abstinence on brain morphology in alcoholism: A MRI study

Chronic alcohol abuse leads to morphological changes of the brain. We investigated if these volumetric changes are reversible after a period of abstinence. For this reason 41 male and 15 female alcohol patients underwent MRI-scanning after in-patient detoxification (baseline) entering alcoholism treatment programs, and between 6 and 9 months later (follow-up), in a phase of convalescence. Additionally, 29 male and 16 female control subjects were examined. The MRI-scans were delineated and the resulting regions of interest, volumes of lateral ventricles and prefrontal lobes were expressed relatively to total brain volume. Compared to control subjects alcohol patients showed bilaterally decreased prefrontal lobes (11% reduction) and increased lateral ventricles (up to 42% enlargement). The extent of the ventricular increase was depending on patient’s additional psychiatric diagnosis, showing smaller lateral ventricles in patients with additional personality disorder. While at follow-up the size of prefrontal lobes remained unchanged, volumes of the lateral ventricles decreased (5–6% reduction) in alcohol patients with abstinence and improved drinking behavior, especially in patients that underwent only one detoxification. The extent of the ventricular enlargement correlated with the elevation of alcohol related laboratory measures (mean corpuscular volume, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase). In conclusion this study confirms the hypothesis that alcoholism causes brain damages that are partially reversible. It should be analyzed in further studies with larger sample sizes, if complete brain regeneration is possible maintaining abstinence over a longer period

BIODIVERSITAS IKAN KARANG DI WILAYAH BENTANG LAUT LESSER SUNDA BANDA (KAB. FLORES TIMUR, ALOR DAN MALUKU BARAT DAYA), INDONESIA

Sebanyak 62 titik penyelaman dilakukan untuk memberi gambaran mengenai ikan karang yang terdapat di wilayah perbatasan Propinsi NTT dan Maluku di Indonesia. Tutupan karang hidup menunjukan umumnya kondisi tutupan karang berada pada kategori baik dengan nilai rata-rata 62,51%. Ikan karang yang ditemukan dalam survei ini terdiri dari 468 spesies dalam 47 Famili ikan karang dimana biomassa ikan karang tertinggi terdapat Kab. MBD (Rata-rata 12.476,32 Kg/Ha) sedangkan yang terendah terdapat di Kab. Flores Timur (rata-rata 652,83 Kg/Ha). Nilai Kelimpahan ikan karang tertinggi terdapat di Kab. MBD (rata-rata 13.308 Ind/Ha) dan yang terendah terdapat di Kab. Flores Timur (rata-rata 1.502.23 Ind/Ha). Struktur komunitas ikan karang berdasarkan indeks shanon-weinner (H’) berada kategori sedang, nilai indeks keseragaman (E) masuk kategori labil dan nilai dominansi (C) masuk dominansi rendah sehingga ekosistem masih dalam kondisi baik. Kesamaan spesies ikan karang menggunakan hasil cluster analysis pada taraf penskalaan 66,37 % dan MDS (Multi Dimensional Scalling) mengelompokkan ikan karang kedalam 2 grup yaitu ikan karang di wilayah Kab. Alor dan Flores Timur dan Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya di kolompok lainnya. Hasil dari analisis klatser dan MDS memperlihatkan Kab. Alor dan Flores timur di Provinsi NTT yang masuk wilayah geografis Lesser Sunda memiliki perbedaan ikan karang dengan Kab. Maluku Barat Daya di Provinsi Maluku yang secara geografis masuk area Banda seascapes. Secara keseluruhan ikan karang di Kab. MBD memiliki potensi yang sangat tinggi dilihat dari kelimpahan, biomasa dan nilai ekologi lainnya. Lokasi ini bisa dikembangkan menjadi sumber protein hewani yang potensial bagi masyarakat disana maupun tingkat nasional.Kata kunci: Ikan karang, Biomassa, kelimpahan, Lesser sunda, Flores Timur, Alor, Maluku Barat Daya. REEF FISHES BIODIVERSITY OF LESSER SUNDA-BANDA SEASCAPE (EAST FLORES, ALOR AND SOUTH WEST MALUKU DISTRICT) IN INDONESIAABSTRACT A total of 62 dive sites were made to provide an overview of reef fish found in the border region of the Province of NTT and Maluku in Indonesia. Live coral cover shows the general condition of the coral cover is in good category with an average value of 62.51%. Reef fish found in this survey consists of 468 species in 47 Famili reef fish reef where fish biomass is highest Kab. MBD (average 12.476,32 kg.ha-1), while the lowest was in the district. East Flores (an average of 652,83 kg.ha-1). The value of reef fish abundance is highest in the district MBD (average 13.308 ind.ha-1) and the lowest was in the district East Flores (average 1.502,23 ind.ha-1). Reef fish community structure based-weinner Shannon index (H') was the medium category, evenness indice value (E) in the category volatile and the value of dominance (C) enters a low dominance so that the ecosystem is still in good condition. The similarity of species of reef fish using cluster analysis results at the level of scaling 66.37% and MDS (Multi Dimensional Scaling) breaks down into two groups of reef fish that reef fish in the district Alor and East Florest and district of Southwest Maluku in other group. Results of the cluster analysis and MDS showed Alor and East Flores regency in NTT Prvince incoming Lesser Sunda seascapes have different reef fish by the District of Southwest Maluku in Maluku Province incoming Sunda Banda seascapes. Overall reef fish in the district. MBD has a very high potential views of abundance, biomass and other ecological values. This location can be developed into a potential source of animal protein for the people there as well as national level. Keywords: Reef fishes, biomass, abundance, Lesser Sunda, sunda banda seascap

Efficacy and moderators of efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapies with a trauma focus in children and adolescents: an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised trials

Background: Existing clinical trials of cognitive behavioural therapies with a trauma focus (CBTs-TF) are underpowered to examine key variables that might moderate treatment effects. We aimed to determine the efficacy of CBTs-TF for young people, relative to passive and active control conditions, and elucidate putative individual-level and treatment-level moderators. Methods: This was an individual participant data meta-analysis of published and unpublished randomised studies in young people aged 6-18 years exposed to trauma. We included studies identified by the latest UK National Institute of Health and Care Excellence guidelines (completed on Jan 29, 2018) and updated their search. The search strategy included database searches restricted to publications between Jan 1, 2018, and Nov 12, 2019; grey literature search of trial registries ClinicalTrials.gov and ISRCTN; preprint archives PsyArXiv and bioRxiv; and use of social media and emails to key authors to identify any unpublished datasets. The primary outcome was post-traumatic stress symptoms after treatment (<1 month after the final session). Predominantly, one-stage random-effects models were fitted. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42019151954. Findings: We identified 38 studies; 25 studies provided individual participant data, comprising 1686 young people (mean age 13·65 years [SD 3·01]), with 802 receiving CBTs-TF and 884 a control condition. The risk-of-bias assessment indicated five studies as low risk and 20 studies with some concerns. Participants who received CBTs-TF had lower mean post-traumatic stress symptoms after treatment than those who received the control conditions, after adjusting for post-traumatic stress symptoms before treatment (b=-13·17, 95% CI -17·84 to -8·50, p<0·001, τ2=103·72). Moderation analysis indicated that this effect of CBTs-TF on post-traumatic stress symptoms post-treatment increased by 0·15 units (b=-0·15, 95% CI -0·29 to -0·01, p=0·041, τ2=0·03) for each unit increase in pre-treatment post-traumatic stress symptoms. Interpretation: This is the first individual participant data meta-analysis of young people exposed to trauma. Our findings support CBTs-TF as the first-line treatment, irrespective of age, gender, trauma characteristics, or carer involvement in treatment, with particular benefits for those with higher initial distress

Bipolar disorders

Bipolar disorder is characterized by (hypo)manic episodes and depressive episodes which alternate with euthymic periods. It causes serious disability with poor outcome, increased suicidality risk, and significant societal costs. This chapter describes the findings of the PET/SPECT research efforts and the current ideas on the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. First, the cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism findings in the prefrontal cortex, limbic system, subcortical structures, and other brain regions are discussed, followed by an overview of the corticolimbic theory of mood disorders that explains these observations. Second, the neurotransmitter studies are discussed. The serotonin transporter alterations are described, and the variation in study results is explained, followed by an overview of the results of the various dopamine receptor and transporter molecules studies, taking into account also the relation to psychosis. Third, a concise overview is given of dominant bipolar disorder pathophysiological models, proposing starting points for future molecular imaging studies. Finally, the most important conclusions are summarized, followed by remarks about the observed molecular imaging study designs specific for bipolar disorder.</p