Hip Versus Square: 1960s Advertising and Clothing Industries and the Counterculture

This research paper explores the use of Countercultural themes and images by the advertising and menswear industries in the 1960s. Historians have traditionally held that the Counterculture and American business during this era were fierce opponents of one another. More recent scholarship, however, suggest that the advertising industry of the 1960s co-opted and marketed Countercultural themes, such as ‘youth’ and ‘rebellion,’ and images like natural looking make-up and free-flowing clothing. The co-optation of these themes and images, historians have charged, commercialized the Countercultural revolution and ultimately led to its demise. This paper examines the ways in which the Counterculture influenced the advertising and menswear industries in the 1960s and questions whether the use of Countercultural themes and images was co-optation or emulation of the youth movement

Abnormalities of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Associated With Discrete Subaortic Stenosis in Children: An Echocardiographic Study

AbstractObjectives. The purpose of this study was to examine the echocardiographic abnormalities of the left ventricular outflow tract associated with subaortic stenosis in children.Background. Considerable evidence suggests that subaortic stenosis is an acquired and progressive lesion, but the etiology remains unknown. We have proposed a four-stage etiologic process for the development of subaortic stenosis. This report addresses the first stage by defining the morphologic abnormalities of the left ventricular outflow tract present in patients who develop subaortic stenosis.Methods. Two study groups were evaluated—33 patients with isolated subaortic stenosis and 12 patients with perimembranous ventricular septal defect and subaortic stenosis—and were compared with a size- and lesion-matched control group. Subjects ranged in age from 0.05 to 23 years, and body surface area ranged from 0.17 to 2.3 m2. Two independent observers measured aortoseptal angle, aortic annulus diameter and mitral-aortic separation from previously recorded echocardiographic studies.Results. The aortoseptal angle was steeper in patients with isolated subaortic stenosis than in control subjects (p < 0.001). This pattern was also true for patients with ventricular septal defect and subaortic stenosis compared with control subjects (p < 0.001). Neither age nor body surface area was correlated with aortoseptal angle. A trend toward smaller aortic annulus diameter indexed to patient size was seen between patients and control subjects but failed to achieve statistical significance (p = 0.08). There was an excellent interrater correlation in aortoseptal angle and aortic annulus measurement. The mitral-aortic separation measurement was unreliable. Our results, specifically relating steep aortoseptal angle to subaortic stenosis, confirm the results of other investigators.Conclusions. This study demonstrates that subaortic stenosis is associated with a steepened aortoseptal angle, as defined by two-dimensional echocardiography, and this association holds in patients with and without a ventricular septal defect. A steepened aortoseptal angle may be a risk factor for the development of subaortic stenosis.(J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:255–9

Recurrent Modification of a Conserved Cis-Regulatory Element Underlies Fruit Fly Pigmentation Diversity

The development of morphological traits occurs through the collective action of networks of genes connected at the level of gene expression. As any node in a network may be a target of evolutionary change, the recurrent targeting of the same node would indicate that the path of evolution is biased for the relevant trait and network. Although examples of parallel evolution have implicated recurrent modification of the same gene and cis-regulatory element (CRE), little is known about the mutational and molecular paths of parallel CRE evolution. In Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies, the Bric-à-brac (Bab) transcription factors control the development of a suite of sexually dimorphic traits on the posterior abdomen. Female-specific Bab expression is regulated by the dimorphic element, a CRE that possesses direct inputs from body plan (ABD-B) and sex-determination (DSX) transcription factors. Here, we find that the recurrent evolutionary modification of this CRE underlies both intraspecific and interspecific variation in female pigmentation in the melanogaster species group. By reconstructing the sequence and regulatory activity of the ancestral Drosophila melanogaster dimorphic element, we demonstrate that a handful of mutations were sufficient to create independent CRE alleles with differing activities. Moreover, intraspecific and interspecific dimorphic element evolution proceeded with little to no alterations to the known body plan and sex-determination regulatory linkages. Collectively, our findings represent an example where the paths of evolution appear biased to a specific CRE, and drastic changes in function were accompanied by deep conservation of key regulatory linkages. © 2013 Rogers et al

Semiclassical L p estimates of quasimodes on curved hypersurfaces

Let M be a compact manifold of dimension n, P=P(h) a semiclassical pseudodifferential operator on M, and u=u(h) an L 2 normalized family of functions such that P(h)u(h) is O(h) in L 2(M) as h↓0. Let H⊂M be a compact submanifold of M. In a previous article, the second-named author proved estimates on the L p norms, p≥2, of u restricted to H, under the assumption that the u are semiclassically localized and under some natural structural assumptions about the principal symbol of P. These estimates are of the form Ch −δ(n,k,p) where k=dim H (except for a logarithmic divergence in the case k=n−2, p=2). When H is a hypersurface, i.e., k=n−1, we have δ(n,n−1, 2)=1/4, which is sharp when M is the round n-sphere and H is an equator. In this article, we assume that H is a hypersurface, and make the additional geometric assumption that H is curved (in the sense of Definition 2.6 below) with respect to the bicharacteristic flow of P. Under this assumption we improve the estimate from δ=1/4 to 1/6, generalizing work of Burq–Gérard–Tzvetkov and Hu for Laplace eigenfunctions. To do this we apply the Melrose–Taylor theorem, as adapted by Pan and Sogge, for Fourier integral operators with folding canonical relations.Andrew Hassell, Melissa Tac

Numerical Simulation of Natural Convection Heating in Canned Foods Containing Solid Particles

No access to the full paper due to lack of a FERPA release.In this work we investigated the influence of solid particles on the heating of canned foods. A numerical model for natural convection heating of liquids developed by Datta and Teixeira in 1987 was used for predicting the values of temperature and velocity inside a can filled with liquid and grain. The solid particles influence the buoyancy that drives the flow during the heating of the can, and this problem has not been solved until now. As a first attempt to solve it, we assumed a radical simplification and treated the system composed of liquid and particles as a porous medium. FIDAP (Fluid Dynamics Analysis Package) was the finite-element-based software used for simulating the fluid and heat flow. The plots of distribution of temperature and velocity in the cans showed that the qualitative behavior of both cans (liquid and liquid+grain system) was the same: the liquid near the hot wall becomes lighter and rises, there is radial flow near the top and uniform flow near the centerline. In conclusion, we observed that the solid matrix reduces the magnitude of the velocities by approximately 10% and slows down the distribution of temperature in the can filled with liquid and grain

Chronic antepartum maternal hyperoxygenation in a case of severe fetal Ebstein's anomaly with circular shunt physiology

Perinatal mortality remains high among fetuses diagnosed with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. The subgroup of patients with pulmonary valve regurgitation is at particularly high risk. In the setting of pulmonary valve regurgitation, early constriction of the ductus arteriosus may be a novel perinatal management strategy to reduce systemic steal resulting from circular shunt physiology. We report the use of chronic antepartum maternal oxygen therapy for constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus and modulation of fetal pulmonary vascular resistance in a late presentation of Ebstein's anomaly with severe tricuspid valve regurgitation, reversal of flow in the ductus arteriosus, and continuous pulmonary valve regurgitation