Multidimensional Index Modulation in Wireless Communications

In index modulation schemes, information bits are conveyed through indexing of transmission entities such as antennas, subcarriers, times slots, precoders, subarrays, and radio frequency (RF) mirrors. Index modulation schemes are attractive for their advantages such as good performance, high rates, and hardware simplicity. This paper focuses on index modulation schemes in which multiple transmission entities, namely, {\em antennas}, {\em time slots}, and {\em RF mirrors}, are indexed {\em simultaneously}. Recognizing that such multidimensional index modulation schemes encourage sparsity in their transmit signal vectors, we propose efficient signal detection schemes that use compressive sensing based reconstruction algorithms. Results show that, for a given rate, improved performance is achieved when the number of indexed transmission entities is increased. We also explore indexing opportunities in {\em load modulation}, which is a modulation scheme that offers power efficiency and reduced RF hardware complexity advantages in multiantenna systems. Results show that indexing space and time in load modulated multiantenna systems can achieve improved performance

Effect of Different Levels of Inorganic Fertilizer and Bio-Fertilizer for Soil Amelioration Growth and Yield of Field Pea (Pisum Sativum L.)

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season (November- April) 2015-2016 to study the “Effect of bio-fertilizer and different levels of inorganic fertilizers for soil amelioration growth and yield of field pea (Pisum sativum L.)”at the Research Farm of Department of Soil Science, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology Science, Allahabad, The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three levels of NPK ( 0%, 50%, 100%, RDF ) kg ha-1 and three levels of Bio-fertilizer (PSB, Rhizobium and PSB + Rhizobium 75% t ha-1 The treatments combinations were replicated three times and were allocated at random in each replication .The treatment combination T6 [Rhizobium + 100% RDF [N (25 kg ha-1),P(60 kg ha-1),K(20 kg ha-1)] gave the best result with the respect to plant height (82.02cm), number of branches plant-1 (16.93), Number of leaves plant-1(81.33), number of nodules plant-1 (13.27), fresh weight of plant (g)(114.93), dry weight of plant (g) 22.73 it gave highest number of pods plant-1 18.27, number of seeds pod-1-6.73, length of pod (cm)-7.00 and test weight 253.07g. Combined use of inorganic fertilizer and bio-fertilizers resulted in significant increase on enrichment of soil fertility status. The treatment T6 resulted in a slight decrease in soil PH 7.00 and significantly increases EC 0.277dSm-1, bulk density 1.34 g cm-3, particle density 2.67 g cm-3, soil pore space 49.69%, % organic carbon 0.81%, available N 330.59 Kg ha-1, P 32.37 Kg ha-1, K 197.85 Kg ha-1 in the soil .From the economical point of view, the same treatment gave the maximum profit of Rs 64,413with C:B ratio of 1: 2.34

Intrinsic Curie temperature bistability in ferromagnetic semiconductor resonant tunneling diodes

We predict bistability in the Curie temperature-voltage characteristic of double barrier resonant-tunneling structures with dilute ferromagnetic semiconductor quantum wells. Our conclusions are based on simulations of electrostatics and ballistic quantum transport combined with a mean-field theory description of ferromagnetism in dilute magnetic semiconductors.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. B; typo removed in revised version - spurious eq.12 immediately after eq.1

Review of Literature on Rural Road Improvement

Rural roads are the tertiary road system in total road network which provides connectivity for the rural population to market and other facility centres. In India rural roads are being planned and programmed in the favour of overall rural development, and tried to provide all weather connectivity with some level of achievement. The investment of funds for road development provided policy guidelines and priorities for rural roads. Improvement of rural road is needed where satisfactory results are not obtained

Spectrum of Mutations in the RPGR Gene That Are Identified in 20% of Families with X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa

SummaryThe RPGR (retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator) gene for RP3, the most frequent genetic subtype of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP), has been shown to be mutated in 10%–15% of European XLRP patients. We have examined the RPGR gene for mutations in a cohort of 80 affected males from apparently unrelated XLRP families, by direct sequencing of the PCR-amplified products from the genomic DNA. Fifteen different putative disease-causing mutations were identified in 17 of the 80 families; these include four nonsense mutations, one missense mutation, six microdeletions, and four intronic-sequence substitutions resulting in splice defects. Most of the mutations were detected in the conserved N-terminal region of the RPGR protein, containing tandem repeats homologous to those present in the RCC-1 protein (a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor for Ran-GTPase). Our results indicate that mutations either in as yet uncharacterized sequences of the RPGR gene or in another gene located in its vicinity may be a more frequent cause of XLRP. The reported studies will be beneficial in establishing genotype-phenotype correlations and should lead to further investigations seeking to understand the mechanism of disease pathogenesis

The transcription factor GTF2IRD1 regulates the topology and function of photoreceptors by modulating photoreceptor gene expression across the retina

The mechanisms that specify photoreceptor cell-fate determination, especially as regards to short-wave-sensitive (S) versus medium-wave-sensitive (M) cone identity, and maintain their nature and function, are not fully understood. Here we report the importance of general transcription factor II-I repeat domain-containing protein 1 (GTF2IRD1) in maintaining M cone cell identity and function as well as rod function. In the mouse, GTF2IRD1 is expressed in cell-fate determined photoreceptors at postnatal day 10. GTF2IRD1 binds to enhancer and promoter regions in the mouse rhodopsin, M- and S-opsin genes, but regulates their expression differentially. Through interaction with the transcription factors CRX and thyroid hormone receptor β 2, it enhances M-opsin expression, whereas it suppresses S-opsin expression; and with CRX and NRL, it enhances rhodopsin expression. In an apparent paradox, although GTF2IRD1 is widely expressed in multiple cell types across the retina, knock-out of GTF2IRD1 alters the retinal expression of only a limited number of annotated genes. Interestingly, however, the null mutation leads to altered topology of cone opsin expression in the retina, with aberrant S-opsin overexpression and M-opsin underexpression in M cones. Gtf2ird1-null mice also demonstrate abnormal M cone and rod electrophysiological responses. These findings suggest an important role for GTF2IRD1 in regulating the level and topology of rod and cone gene expression, and in maintaining normal retinal function

The Fourth Element: Characteristics, Modelling, and Electromagnetic Theory of the Memristor

In 2008, researchers at HP Labs published a paper in {\it Nature} reporting the realisation of a new basic circuit element that completes the missing link between charge and flux-linkage, which was postulated by Leon Chua in 1971. The HP memristor is based on a nanometer scale TiO$_2$ thin-film, containing a doped region and an undoped region. Further to proposed applications of memristors in artificial biological systems and nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM), they also enable reconfigurable nanoelectronics. Moreover, memristors provide new paradigms in application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). A significant reduction in area with an unprecedented memory capacity and device density are the potential advantages of memristors for Integrated Circuits (ICs). This work reviews the memristor and provides mathematical and SPICE models for memristors. Insight into the memristor device is given via recalling the quasi-static expansion of Maxwell's equations. We also review Chua's arguments based on electromagnetic theory.Comment: 28 pages, 14 figures, Accepted as a regular paper - the Proceedings of Royal Society