Stabilization of Pancake Bonding in (TCNQ)₂.⁻ Dimers in the Radical‐Anionic Salt (N−CH₃−2‐NH₂−5Cl−Py)(TCNQ)(CH₃CN) Solvate and Antiferromagnetism Induction

We report a new antiferromagnetic radical‐anion salt (RAS) formed from 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanquinonedimethane (TCNQ) anion and 2‐amino‐5‐chloro‐pyridine cation with the composition of (N−CH3−2‐NH2−5Cl−Py)(TCNQ)(CH3CN). The crystallographic data indicates the formation of (TCNQ)2.− radical‐anion π‐dimers in the synthesized RAS. Unrestricted density functional theory calculations show that the formed π‐dimers characterize with strong π‐stacking “pancake” interactions, resulting in high electronic coupling, enabling efficient charge transfer properties, but π‐dimers cannot be stable in the isolated conditions as a result of strong Coulomb repulsions. In a crystal, where (TCNQ)2.− π‐dimers bound in the endless chainlets via supramolecular bonds with (N−CH3−2‐NH2−5‐Cl−Py)+ cations, the repulsion forces are screened, allowing for specific parallel π‐stacking interactions and stable radical‐anion dimers formation. Measurements of magnetic susceptibility and magnetization confirm antiferromagnetic properties of RAS, what is in line with the higher stability of ground singlet state of the radical‐anion pair, calculated by means of the DFT. Therefore, the reported radical‐anion (N−CH3−2‐NH2−5Cl−Py)(TCNQ)(CH3CN) solvate has promising applications in novel magnetics with supramolecular structures

Періопераційна інфузійна терапія у дітей

This article is devoted to the questions of infusion therapy – a method of treatment, which gives the possibility of parenteral administration of various substances and medicines into the body and directions for the promotion of basic functions and bio-chemical processes in the body. We considered the organization of conducting adequate infusion therapy in a particular patient, with a specific clinical situation, the questions of the purpose and tasks of infusion therapy now and in the future (tactics and strategy), the means that will be applied, their type, volume, quantitative and qualitative correlation, ways of introduction, speed and duration of the general and, if necessary, of the skin volumetric component, methods for controlling effectiveness and safety. In addition, the issues of physiological and pathological and physiological processes taking place in the child’s body and the justification of the use of different methods of infusion therapy for effective and safe infusion therapy in the child are considered.Данная статья посвящена вопросам инфузионной терапии – метода лечения, который дает возможность парентерального введения в организм различных веществ и медикаментозных препаратов и направлен на поддержку основных функций и биохимических процессов в организме. Рассмотрен вопрос организации проведения адекватной инфузионной терапии у конкретного пациента при конкретной клинической ситуации. Изложены вопросы цели и задачи инфузионной терапии в настоящее время и на перспективу (тактику и стратегию), средства, которые будут применены, их тип, объем, количественное и качественное соотношение, пути введения, скорость и продолжительность в целом и, при необходимости, каждой объемной составляющей, методы контроля эффективности и безопасности. Кроме того, рассмотрен вопрос физиологических и патофизиологических процессов, протекающих в детском организме, и обоснование использования различных методов инфузионной терапии для проведения эффективной и безопасной инфузионной терапии у ребенка.Дана стаття присвячена питанням інфузійної терапії – методу лікування, який дає можливість парентерального введення в організм різних речовин і медикаментозних препаратів і спрямований на підтримку основних функцій та біохімічних процесів в організмі. Розглянуто питання організації проведення адекватної інфузійної терапії у конкретного пацієнта при конкретній клінічній ситуації. Викладено питання мети і завдання інфузійної терапії в даний час і на перспективу (тактику і стратегію), кошти, які будуть застосовані, їх тип, обсяг, кількісне та якісне співвідношення, шляхи введення, швидкість і тривалість у цілому і, при необхідності, кожна об’ємна складова, методи контролю ефективності та безпеки. Крім того, розглянуто питання фізіологічних і патофізіологічних процесів, що перебігають у дитячому організмі, й обґрунтування використання різних методів інфузійної терапії для проведення ефективної та безпечної інфузійної терапії у дитини

Viable thermionic emission from graphene-covered metals

Thermionic emission from monolayer graphene grown on representative transition metals, Ir and Ru, is characterized by low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM). Work functions were determined from the temperature dependence of the emission current and from the electron energy spectrum of emitted electrons. The high-temperature work function of the strongly interacting system graphene/Ru(0001) is sufficiently low, 3.3 \pm 0.1 eV, to have technological potential for large-area emitters that are spatially uniform, efficient, and chemically inert. The thermionic work functions of the less strongly interacting system graphene/Ir(111) are over 1 eV larger and vary substantially (0.4 eV) between graphene orientations rotated by 30{\deg}.Comment: Published in Applied Physics Letter

The role of transactive memory systems, psychological safety and interpersonal conflict in hospital team performance

Safe patient care in hospitals relies on teamwork. Transactive Memory Systems (TMS), are shared cognitive systems that have been linked to team performance in other domains, but have received little attention in healthcare. This study investigated the role of TMS, psychological safety and interpersonal conflict in predicting team performance in hospital ward teams where team membership is dynamic and often loosely defined. Hospital staff (n = 106) in four wards completed a battery of instruments assessing team performance, TMS, psychological safety and interpersonal conflict. TMS was a weak predictor of team performance, but the relationship was mediated by psychological safety. Overall, team performance was predicted by high psychological safety, low interpersonal conflict and low reliance on team members' knowledge (i.e. TMS credibility). These findings suggest that, in hospital teams, TMS is not a strong predictor of team performance but team culture is critical to ensure the quality and safety of patient care. Practitioner Summary: This study investigated the role of Transactive Memory Systems (TMS) and cultural factors in hospital team performance. Team performance was predicted by psychological safety, low interpersonal conflict and a low reliance on team members' untested knowledge. This highlights the importance of a supportive team culture for safe care in hospitals

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ПРОЦЕСОМ УПРАВЛІННЯ ВОДНИМИ РЕСУРСАМИ В ПРОЕКТАХ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ СТАНУ БЕЗПЕКИ

In the article the main stages of the project on improvement of safety of process simulation of drainage basins management have been observed. Optimal algorithm of drainage basins designing process has been analyzed. The comparison of two types of the image expansion used for the construction of drainage basins and their positive and negative characteristics has been made. A clear diagram of flow direction determining and flow accumulation based on digital elevation model of watershed modeling process has been shown.Розглянуто основні етапи проекту підвищення стану безпеки процесу моделювання водозбірних басейнів. Проаналізовано оптимальний алгоритм проекту процесу створення водозбірних басейнів. Зроблено порівняння двох типів розширення зображення, що використовуються для побудови водозбірних басейнів, наведені їхні позитивні та негативні характеристики. Наведено наочну схему визначення напрямку потоку та акумуляції стоку наоснові цифрової моделі рельєфу в процесі моделювання водозбірних басейнів

Oxidation of graphene on metals

We use low-energy electron microscopy to investigate how graphene is removed from Ru(0001) and Ir(111) by reaction with oxygen. We find two mechanisms on Ru(0001). At short times, oxygen reacts with carbon monomers on the surrounding Ru surface, decreasing their concentration below the equilibrium value. This undersaturation causes a flux of carbon from graphene to the monomer gas. In this initial mechanism, graphene is etched at a rate that is given precisely by the same non-linear dependence on carbon monomer concentration that governs growth. Thus, during both growth and etching, carbon attaches and detaches to graphene as clusters of several carbon atoms. At later times, etching accelerates. We present evidence that this process involves intercalated oxygen, which destabilizes graphene. On Ir, this mechanism creates observable holes. It also occurs mostly quickly near wrinkles in the graphene islands, depends on the orientation of the graphene with respect to the Ir substrate, and, in contrast to the first mechanism, can increase the density of carbon monomers. We also observe that both layers of bilayer graphene islands on Ir etch together, not sequentially.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures. Manuscript revised to improve discussion, following referee comments. Accepted for publication in Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Feb. 11, 201

Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzle for Generation of Microscopic Droplet Streams

As shown by Ganan-Calvo and co-workers, a free liquid jet can be compressed in iameter through gas-dynamic forces exerted by a co-flowing gas, obviating the need for a solid nozzle to form a microscopic liquid jet and thereby alleviating the clogging problems that plague conventional droplet sources of small diameter. We describe in this paper a novel form of droplet beam source based on this principle. The source is miniature, robust, dependable, easily fabricated, and eminently suitable for delivery of microscopic liquid droplets, including hydrated biological samples, into vacuum for analysis using vacuum instrumentation. Monodisperse, single file droplet streams are generated by triggering the device with a piezoelectric actuator. The device is essentially immune to clogging