Towards optimization of quantum circuits

Any unitary operation in quantum information processing can be implemented via a sequence of simpler steps - quantum gates. However, actual implementation of a quantum gate is always imperfect and takes a finite time. Therefore, seeking for a short sequence of gates - efficient quantum circuit for a given operation, is an important task. We contribute to this issue by proposing optimization of the well-known universal procedure proposed by Barenco et.al [1]. We also created a computer program which realizes both Barenco's decomposition and the proposed optimization. Furthermore, our optimization can be applied to any quantum circuit containing generalized Toffoli gates, including basic quantum gate circuits.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, minor changes+typo

Descriptional Succinctness of Some Grammatical Formalisms for Natrual Language

We investigate the problem of describing languages compactly in different grammatical formalisms for natural languages. In particular, the problem is studied from the point of view of some newly developed natural language formalisms like linear control grammars (LCGs) and tree adjoining grammars (TAGs); these formalisms not only generate non-context-free languages that capture a wide variety of syntactic phenomena found in natural language, but also have computationally efficient polynomial time recognition algorithms. We prove that the formalisms enjoy the property of unbounded succinctness over the family of context-grammars, i.e. they are, in general, able to provide more compact representations of natural languages as compared to standard context-free grammars

Sublinear Parallel Time Recognition of Tree Adjoining Language

A parallel algorithm is presented for recognizing the class of languages generated by tree adjoining grammars, a tree rewriting system which has applications in computational Linguistics. This class of languages is known to properly include all context-free languages; for example, the non-context-free sets {anbncn} and {ww) are in this class. It is shown that the recognition problem for tree adjoining languages can be solved by a concurrent-read, exclusive-write parallel random-access machine (CREW PRAM) in 0 (log2(n)) time using polynomially many processors. This extends a previous result for context-free languages

Formulation of Furosemide Oral Disintegrating Tablets Using Natural and Synthetic Superdisintegrants by SeDeM Expert Design System

SeDeM design expert technique used to evaluate the risks of poor flow of pharmaceutical powders under preformulation studies which reveals direct compression suitability and prepare robust composition of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipient in tablets formulation. The purpose of this study was to develop oral disintegrating tablets of Furosemide using different concentration of natural and synthetic superdisintegrants by means of SeDeM design technique. Oral disintegrating tablets (ODT) of Furosemide were prepared by direct compression technique using isolated banana powder and croscarmellose sodium (Ac-di-sol) together with microcrystalline cellulose as superdisintegrants. SeDeM design was performed to check suitability and deficient of excipients and drug for optimized composition derived based on IPP value. These tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content, weight variation, wetting time and in-vitro dissolution. All the formulations showed low weight variation with dispersion time less than 173.5±0.70 seconds and rapid in-vitro dissolution. The drug content of all the formulations was within the acceptable limits. Lubricated blend composition of F4 found average radius value 5.24, 0.66 and 5.509 for IGC, IP and IPP respectively, compressed tablet shown good physical properties. The optimized formulation F4 showed good release profile with 99.25 percentage drug release compared to other trial batches. It was concluded that natural superdisintegrant (banana powder) showed better disintegrating property than synthetic super disintegrant (Ac-di-sol) in the formulations of ODTs. Keywords: Furosemide, Oral disintegrating tablets, SeDeM expert system, Superdisintegrant

A Pumping Lemma Scheme for the Control Language Hierarchy

In [9] Weir introduced control grammars as a model for describing the syntactic structure of natural languages. Informally, a control grammar is a pair {G, C} where G is a context-free grammar whose productions are assigned labels from a finite set of labels II, and C (called the control set) is a set of strings over II. A derivation in a control grammar is similar to that in an ordinary context-free grammar except that the control set C is used to further constrain the set of valid derivations. In particular, if one views a derivation as a tree, then (in a manner to be described later) each edge in such a tree is given a label from II according to the production of G associated with the edge. The derivation tree is considered valid if certain paths in the tree correspond to strings which are in the control set C. The language generated by the control grammar is then the set of strings having at least one derivation tree in the sense just described

A clinical study of morphological patterns of cutaneous adverse drug reaction and its causality assessment in tertiary care hospital of central India

Background: Adverse reactions to drugs are as old as drug. Cutaneous adverse drug reactions are the most common type of drug reaction. Most cutaneous adverse drug reactions are important as they are frequently the reason for discontinuation of drug therapy. Looking to this matter the study was undertaken.Method: It was an observational study conducted at NKP Salve Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Nagpur Maharashtra. A total number of 80 patients having cutaneous adverse drug reaction were evaluated. All the patients were assessed for cutaneous adverse drug reaction during the study period and the information was carefully recorded in standard Adverse drug reaction (ADR) form and Naranjo’s algorithm was used for causality assessment of adverse drug reaction.Result: The maximum study subjects were in the age group of 41-50 years (32-50%) followed by the age group of 31-40 years (25%) followed by other age groups. In study group male to female ratio was 11.5:8.5. Majority of cutaneous adverse drug reactions comprise of fixed drug eruption which is 45%. Most of the cutaneous ADR’s were caused by antibiotics (42.5%) followed by Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) (20%). The study subjects were in probable causality assessment of Naranjo’s scale i.e. 82.5% followed by definite in (12.5%) and possible (5%).Conclusion: The fixed drug eruption was the most common cutaneous adverse drug reaction and most of these drugs eruptions were caused by antimicrobial agents. The study provided the base line information about the prevalence of cutaneous adverse drug reaction and their morphological distribution amongst different age group, gender and the causative drug

Connected Component Algorithm for Gestures Recognition

This paper presents head and hand gestures recognition system for Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Head and Hand gestures are an important modality for human computer interaction. Vision based recognition system can give computers the capability of understanding and responding to the hand and head gestures. The aim of this paper is the proposal of real time vision system for its application within a multimedia interaction environment. This recognition system consists of four modules, i.e. capturing the image, image extraction, pattern matching and command determination. If hand and head gestures are shown in front of the camera, hardware will perform respective action. Gestures are matched with the stored database of gestures using pattern matching. Corresponding to matched gesture, the hardware is moved in left, right, forward and backward directions. An algorithm for optimizing connected component in gesture recognition is proposed, which makes use of segmentation in two images. Connected component algorithm scans an image and group its pixels into component based on pixel connectivity i.e. all pixels in connected component share similar pixel intensity values and are in some way connected with each other. Once all groups have been determined, each pixel is labeled with a color according to component it was assigned to

Minimal Universal Two-qubit Quantum Circuits

We give quantum circuits that simulate an arbitrary two-qubit unitary operator up to global phase. For several quantum gate libraries we prove that gate counts are optimal in worst and average cases. Our lower and upper bounds compare favorably to previously published results. Temporary storage is not used because it tends to be expensive in physical implementations. For each gate library, best gate counts can be achieved by a single universal circuit. To compute gate parameters in universal circuits, we only use closed-form algebraic expressions, and in particular do not rely on matrix exponentials. Our algorithm has been coded in C++.Comment: 8 pages, 2 tables and 4 figures. v3 adds a discussion of asymetry between Rx, Ry and Rz gates and describes a subtle circuit design problem arising when Ry gates are not available. v2 sharpens one of the loose bounds in v1. Proof techniques in v2 are noticeably revamped: they now rely less on circuit identities and more on directly-computed invariants of two-qubit operators. This makes proofs more constructive and easier to interpret as algorithm

Floc-Flotation of Chalcopyrite from a Low Grade Cu-Zn Ore

A low grade Cu-Zn ore sample assaying 0.2% Cuand 3.6% Zn was sent by MECL for bench scale beneficiation studies to IBM, Ajmer with an objective to evolve a suitable process flow-sheet for the production of marketable grade concen-trates. Preliminary flotation studies with the ore sample indicated that it was possible to generate bulk Cu-Zn concentrate and individual Zn concentrate of marketable grade with reasonably good recovery. However, individual Cu concentrate of marketable grad was not obtained. Hence, floc-flotation technique was adopted on the ore sample to upgrade the Cu concentrate. Several parameters including pH, kerosene addition, choice of suitable frother, parti-cle size, stirring strength have been investigated for their effect on floc flotation. The floc-flotation process yielded a Cu concentrate assaying 26.42% Cu with 67% Cu recovery with wt % yield of 0.5 and 132.35 enrichment ratio. In this process addition of kerosene induces the hydrophobic flocculation which leads to the size enlarge-ment of desired mineral fines through selective aggregat-ion and enhance the flotation of chalcopyrite fine partic-les as flocs. This study demonstrates that flocflotation is a promising means for the recovery of Cu mineral fines from low grade ore sample

Intra-spinal epidural leakage of bone cement during vertebroplasty of an osteoporotic vertebral fracture: case report and review of literature

Vertebral fractures are one of the most common complications of osteoporosis. Prolonged and intractable pain leads to immobilization and significant morbidity. Vertebroplasty is designed primarily to relieve pain, and the procedure is considered when osteoporotic vertebral fracture does not respond to a reasonable period of conservative care. Vertebroplasty has a low complication rate with most common complication being adjacent vertebral body fracture and rare complication due to extra-vertebral cement leakage causing nerve root compression or pulmonary embolism. We report a case of 55 year old lady with osteoporotic D12 wedge compression fracture subjected to vertebroplasty resulting in intraspinal cement leakage noticed intra-operatively. Patient underwent immediate decompression, cement extraction and posterior instrumentation. Postoperative course was uneventful