Pengaruh Kemasan Retorted dan Penyimpanan pada Suhu Ruang Terhadap Kualitas Fisik dan Mikrobiologi Sate Ayam

Sate ayam merupakan produk olahan daging tradisional yang diminati masyarakat luas namun memiliki daya simpan yang rendah. Ready-to-eat (RTE) sate ayam diproduksi dengan menggunakan metode sterilisasi pada temperature 121°C selama 45 menit.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan bahan pengemas, pengaruh lama penyimpanan produk pada suhu ruang.  Sampel sate ayam dikemas dengan kemasan polyethylene dan retort pouch. Masing-masing sampel diuji pada minggu 0, 2, 4, 6, dan 8. Parameter yang diamati adalah kualitas fisik (pH, daya ikat air -DIA, dan keempukan) and TPC (Total Plate Count). Data kualitas fisik dan mikrobiologi dianalisis dengan rancangan acak lengkap pola faktorial. Perbedaan rerata diuji dengan uji Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test. Masing-masing perlakuan dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali ulangan. Hasil analisis statistik terhadap kualitas fisik dan mikrobiologi menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan masa simpan pada suhu ruang memberikan pengaruh nyata pada nilai rata-rata (P<0,05) kualitas fisik (meningkatkan nilai pH, menurunkan DIA, dan meningkatkan kealotan selama penyimpanan). Selain itu, pengemasan retorted dapat mempertahankan jumlah bakteri dibawah SNI sampai dengan 8 minggu penyimpanan, sedangkan pengemasan polyethylene hanya sampai dengan 2 minggu penyimpanan.  Hasil yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbedaan bahan pengemas dan lama penyimpanan pada suhu ruang memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap kualitas dari sate ayam

Fe Emission And Ionized Excess Absorption in the Luminous Quasar 3C109 With XMM-Newton

We report results from an XMM-Newton observation of the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 109 (z=0.3056). Previous ASCA data revealed the presence of a broad iron line from the accretion disc with which the XMM-Newton spectrum is fully consistent. However, although improving the ASCA constraints on the line parameters, the quality of the data is not high enough to distinguish between an untruncated accretion disc extending down to small radii close to the black hole and a scenario in which the innermost 20-30 gravitational radii are missing. For this reason, our results are model-dependent and the hard data can be modeled equally well by considering an absorption scenario in which a large column of neutral gas partially covers the X-ray continuum source. However, the absorber would have to comprise hundreds/thousands very compact clouds close to the X-ray source, which seems rather extreme a requirement. The 2-10 keV intrinsic luminosity of 3C 109 is of the order of 2-3 x 10{sup 45} erg s{sup -1} regardless of the adopted model. A recent black hole mass estimate of {approx} 2 x 10{sup 8} M{sub {circle_dot}} implies that L{sub bol}/L{sub Edd} &gt; 1. If partial covering is excluded, the observed reflection fraction (of the order of unity), steep photon index (1.86), and Fe line equivalent width (about 100 eV) all suggest to exclude that the X-ray continuum is strongly beamed indicating that the large Eddington ratio is associated with a radiatively efficient accretion process and making it unlikely that the innermost accretion disc is replaced by a thick radiatively inefficient medium such as in advection-dominated accretion models. We also confirm previous findings on the detection of low energy absorption in excess of the Galactic value, where we find excellent agreement with previous results obtained in X-rays and at other wavelengths (optical and infrared). The better quality of the XMM-Newton data enables us to attribute the excess absorption to slightly ionized gas in the line of sight, located at the redshift of 3C 109. The most likely interpretation for the excess absorption is that the line-of-sight is grazing the obscuring torus of unified models, which is consistent with the inclination inferred from the Fe line profile (about 40{sup o}) and with the hybrid radio-galaxy/quasar nature of 3C 109

Complex evolutionary history of the Mexican stoneroller Campostoma ornatum Girard, 1856 (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Studies of the phylogeography of Mexican species are steadily revealing genetic patterns shared by different species, which will help to unravel the complex biogeographic history of the region. <it>Campostoma ornatum </it>is a freshwater fish endemic to montane and semiarid regions in northwest Mexico and southern Arizona. Its wide range of distribution and the previously observed morphological differentiation between populations in different watersheds make this species a useful model to investigate the biogeographic role of the Sierra Madre Occidental and to disentangle the actions of Pliocene tecto-volcanic processes <it>vs </it>Quaternary climatic change. Our phylogeographic study was based on DNA sequences from one mitochondrial gene (<it>cytb</it>, 1110 bp, n = 285) and two nuclear gene regions (S7 and RAG1, 1822 bp in total, n = 56 and 43, respectively) obtained from 18 to 29 localities, in addition to a morphological survey covering the entire distribution area. Such a dataset allowed us to assess whether any of the populations/lineages sampled deserve to be categorised as an evolutionarily significant unit.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found two morphologically and genetically well-differentiated groups within <it>C. ornatum</it>. One is located in the northern river drainages (Yaqui, Mayo, Fuerte, Sonora, Casas Grandes, Santa Clara and Conchos) and another one is found in the southern drainages (Nazas, Aguanaval and Piaxtla). The split between these two lineages took place about 3.9 Mya (CI = 2.1-5.9). Within the northern lineage, there was strong and significant inter-basin genetic differentiation and also several secondary dispersal episodes whit gene homogenization between drainages. Interestingly, three divergent mitochondrial lineages were found in sympatry in two northern localities from the Yaqui river basin.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results indicate that there was isolation between the northern and southern phylogroups since the Pliocene, which was related to the formation of the ancient Nazas River paleosystem, where the southern group originated. Within groups, a complex reticulate biogeographic history for <it>C. ornatum </it>populations emerges, following the taxon pulse theory and mainly related with Pliocene tecto-volcanic processes. In the northern group, several events of vicariance promoted by river or drainage isolation episodes were found, but within both groups, the phylogeographic patterns suggest the occurrence of several events of river capture and fauna interchange. The Yaqui River supports the most diverse populations of <it>C. ornatum</it>, with several events of dispersal and isolation within the basin. Based on our genetic results, we defined three ESUs within <it>C. ornatum </it>as a first attempt to promote the conservation of the evolutionary processes determining the genetic diversity of this species. They will likely be revealed as a valuable tool for freshwater conservation policies in northwest Mexico, where many environmental problems concerning the use of water have rapidly arisen in recent decades.</p

Cardiovascular inflammation in healthy women: multilevel associations with state-level prosperity, productivity and income inequality

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cardiovascular inflammation is a key contributor to the development of atherosclerosis and the prediction of cardiovascular events among healthy women. An emerging literature suggests biomarkers of inflammation vary by geography of residence at the state-level, and are associated with individual-level socioeconomic status. Associations between cardiovascular inflammation and state-level socioeconomic conditions have not been evaluated. The study objective is to estimate whether there are independent associations between state-level socioeconomic conditions and individual-level biomarkers of inflammation, in excess of individual-level income and clinical covariates among healthy women.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The authors examined cross-sectional multilevel associations among state-level socioeconomic conditions, individual-level income, and biomarkers of inflammation among women (n = 26,029) in the Women's Health Study, a nation-wide cohort of healthy women free of cardiovascular diseases at enrollment. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and fibrinogen were measured between 1993 and 1996. Biomarker levels were examined among women within quartiles of state-level socioeconomic conditions and within categories of individual-level income.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The authors found that favorable state-level socioeconomic conditions were correlated with lower hsCRP, in excess of individual-level income (e.g. state-level real per capital gross domestic product fixed effect standardized Βeta coefficient [Std B] -0.03, 95% CI -0.05, -0.004). Individual-level income was more closely associated with sICAM-1 (Std B -0.04, 95% CI -0.06, -0.03) and fibrinogen (Std B -0.05, 95% CI -0.06, -0.03) than state-level conditions.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We found associations between state-level socioeconomic conditions and hsCRP among healthy women. Personal household income was more closely associated with sICAM-1 and fibrinogen than state-level socioeconomic conditions. Additional research should examine these associations in other cohorts, and investigate what more-advantaged states do differently than less-advantaged states that may influence levels of cardiovascular inflammation among healthy women.</p

Remote sensing data exploiration for geologic characterization of difficult targets : Laboratory Directed Research and Development project 38703 final report.

Characterizing the geology, geotechnical aspects, and rock properties of deep underground facility sites can enhance targeting strategies for both nuclear and conventional weapons. This report describes the results of a study to investigate the utility of remote spectral sensing for augmenting the geological and geotechnical information provided by traditional methods. The project primarily considered novel exploitation methods for space-based sensors, which allow clandestine collection of data from denied sites. The investigation focused on developing and applying novel data analysis methods to estimate geologic and geotechnical characteristics in the vicinity of deep underground facilities. Two such methods, one for measuring thermal rock properties and one for classifying rock types, were explored in detail. Several other data exploitation techniques, developed under other projects, were also examined for their potential utility in geologic characterization

Variasi Perubahan Fonologis NAMA Buah-buahan dalam Bahasa Jawa Dialek Lumajang, Dialek Malang, dan Dialek Kediri

Nama buah-buahan tidak termasuk ke dalam daftar 200 kosakata dasar swadesh. Kendati demikian, perbedaan nama buah-buahan di tingkat dialek pada daerah yang berbeda merepresentasikan adanya tingkat kedekatan antardaerah tersebut. Secara umum, penelitian ini berangkat pada pertanyaan tentang fakta pembeda terkait perbedaan nama buah-buahan yang ada di tiga daerah, yakni Lumajang, Malang, dan Kediri.Untuk selanjutnya, terdapat dua tujuan khusus, yakni mendeskripsikan (1) Perubahan fonologis nama buah-buahan dalam bahasa Jawa dialek Lumajang, dialek Malang, dan dialek Kediri dan (2) persentase perbedaan fonologis nama buah-buahan dalam bahasa Jawa dialek Lumajang, dialek Malang, dan dialek Kediri dengan menerapkan analisis dialektometri segitiga.Pendekatan metodologis menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dan pengumpulan data yang dipakai adalah metode lapangan langsung agar data yang dihimpun benar-benar mengambarkan fakta bahasa terkini yang ada. Data penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode dialektometri segitiga. Metode ini memakai bilangan hasil sebagai dasar pemilahannya.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat beberapa Perubahan bunyi dalam bahasa Jawa. Perubahan tersebut meliputi Aferesis, Anaptisis dan vowel raising, Vowel Lowering, Epentesis, Protesis, Apokop, Epentesis, dan Sinkop. Kesejumlah data yang terhimpun menunjukkan dua kategori hasil, yakni (1) rumusan kurang dari 20% yang sama artinya dengan asal bahasa yang sama dan perbedaan hanya ada di tingkat dialek dan (2) kategori 21–30% mengacu adanya perbedaan wicara, yaitu pada dialek Malang dan dialek Kediri, dan antara dialek Kediri dan dialek Lumajang