RUMINAL CONDITION BETWEEN MADURA CATTLE AND ONGOLE CROSSBRED CATTLE RAISED UNDER INTENSIVE FEEDING

Each four young bulls of Madura cattle and Ongole Crossbred (OC) cattle were used to study the efficiency of ruminal fermentation by comparing the proportion of Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) of these two breeds which were raised under intensive feeding. All the cattle were in about 1.5 years-old with an average body weight of 147.75 ± 14.57 kg and 167 ± 22.57 kg, for Madura and OC cattle, respectively. They were fed Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) hay, and concentrate feeding consists of pollard, soybean meal and rice bran for 10 weeks. Parameters measured were concentration of VFA at 0, 3 and 6 h post-feeding and pH. The concentration of VFA in both Madura and OC cattle was peaked at 3 h post-feeding, being 136.1 mmol and 158.9 mmol, respectively, and then were decreased at 6 h post-feeding at a level of 58.1 and 98.2 mmol, respectively. The proportion of acetic acid in Madura and OC cattle were 53.33% and 52.0% of total VFA, respectively, while the proportion of propionic acid and butyric acid were 28.80% and 17.87% for Madura cattle, and 30.71% and 17.28% for OC cattle, respectively. In addition, the Acetic/Propionic ratios were 1.85 and 1.69 for Madura and OC cattle, respectively. Rumen pH conditions of both cattle breeds tended to be basic, i.e. Madura cattle was ranged at 8.0-8.4, while the PO cattle was ranged at 7.6-8.4. In conclusion, both cattle breeds (Madura and OC cattle) have a similar efficiency to utilize the feeds in the rumen

EFFECTS OF DRYING AND ENSILING METHODS ON CYANIDES CONTENTS AND CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF CASSAVA ROOTS AND STEMS

The objectives of this experiment was to compare the drying and ensiling methods to reduce cyanides contents in cassava, as well as related nutrient components. This experiment used roots and stems of cas-sava, fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) and molasses. A completely randomized design was used in this experiment for 8 treatments. The treatments were 30 o C incubator, 50 o C incubator, 70 o C oven drying, freeze drying, 2 d incubator 30 o C ensiling, 2 d incubator 50 o C ensiling, 2 w incubator 30 o C ensiling and 2 w incubator 50 o C ensiling. The contents of HCN, acetone cyanohydrin, linamarin, proximate components and in vitro dry matter digestibility were determined in each treatment. The result of this experi-ment showed that the contents of HCN and linamarin in ensiled cassava roots were lower (p<0.01) than in dried cassava roots. There were no significantly different on residual HCN among treatments in cassava stems. The content of linamarin was higher in freeze drying than that in heat drying methods (p<0.05). There was an opposite pattern of acetone cyanohydrins and linamarin content of roots and stems. The content of dry matter (DM) in 30 o C ensiling was lower than in 50 o C ensiling (p<0.05). The content of ash increased in cassava roots silage (p<0.01), meanwhile the decreasing of ether extract content was occured in cassava stem silage (p<0.01). Ensiling method was more effective to reduce cyanide than the drying method, and cassava silage showed a proper qualification as feed. Keywords: Drying, Ensiling, Cyanides, Cassav

Effect of Level of Concentrate Feeding Level on Efficiency of Eating Behaviour on Ongole Crossbred Cattle

Eight bulls of Ongole Crossbred (OC) cattle with initial body weight (BW) of 297 + 26 kg (CV =8.75%) fed rice straw treated with urine (RU) (ad libitum) were divided into two groups (each fourheads) to determine the effect of concentrate feeding level on efficiency of eating behavior. The cattlewas given concentrate feeding composed of beer cake and rice bran to make 14% crude protein at 1%and at 2% BW for RUC1 and RUC2 group, respectively. Eating behavior was measured for 3x24 hoursand was performed twice at weeks 2 and 6 of the study. Data obtained were analyzed by t-test. Theresults showed that the level of concentrate feeding affected the intake of urinated rice straw (P0.05) on DMI, length time for eating(196.5 vs. 221.5 min/d), length time for rumination (351.0 vs. 449.4 min/d), efficiency of eating time(37.21 vs. 37.67 gDM/min) and efficiency rumination time (21.43 vs. 18.50 gDM/min). This researchshowed that concentrate feeding at 2% BW did not alter the efficiency of eating time and ruminationcompared to 1% BW, although able to improve BWG of OC cattle

Methane Emission Factor at Different Total Digestible Nutrients and Feeding Level in Ram

Effect of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and feeding level on methane emission factor was discussed. Methane which is a trace gas that formed from feed fermentation process in the rumen and is influenced by many factors such as feed quality and feed intake levels. Forty four individual data of methane emission and feed intake level and TDN of rams were used in this study. The TDN was determined by total collection method, and was separated into low (TDN less than 55%) and high (TDN higher than 55%), while the feeding level was calculated as the percentage of dry matter intake (DMI) to the body weight and was grouped into low (DMI less than 4%body weight; BW) and high (DMI higher than 4%BW). Methane production was measured by Facemask method. The result showed that level of TDN did not affect (P0.05) methane production per unit dry matter intake (DMI) with an average of30.92 g/kgDMI, but significantly affected (P0.05) methane production per unit TDN (low TDN = 0.06 vs. high TDN = 0.04 gCH4/gTDN; P = 0.019) and total methane production (low TDN = 28.82 vs. high TDN = 27.04 g/d; P = 0.043). In the other hand, the high feeding level significantly affected (P0.01) methane production per unit DMI (low feeding level = 32.89 vs. high feeding level: 26.96 g/kg; P = 0.001) and methane production per unit average daily gain (ADG) (low feeding level = 0.98 vs. high feeding level = 0.35 g; P = 0.007), but did not affect (P0.05) total methane production (average 27.37 g/d). It can be concluded that methane emission factor for rams must be calculated based on their TDN and DMI levels

Dietary Energy Utilization in Rams Being Fed During the Day And/or at Night

A study was carried out to assess dietary energy utilization in male fat-tailed sheep being fed duringthe day and/or at night. This study were used 12 rams of 12-18 months old with average of initial bodyweight of 27.05±2.9 kg (CV = 10.74%). The experimental design used in this study was a completelyrandomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were feeding during theday (06.00-18.00; DF), feeding at night (18.00-06.00; NF), and feeding all day and night (06.00-06.00;DNF). The diet was offered ad libitum. The results showed that feeding during the day and/or at nightdid not significantly affect (P>0.05) all parameters observed. The average of dry matter intake (DMI),average daily gain (ADG), gross energy intake (GEI), energy digestibility (DE) and energymetabolizability (ME) were 1006 g/d, 75 g/d, 19.2 MJ/d, 74.0% of gross energy, and 66.2% of grossenergy, respectively. The feed efficiency ratio (FCR), gross energy efficiency, digestible energyefficiency, and metabolizable energy efficiency were 7.38%, 3.86 g ADG/MJ, 5.24 g ADG/MJ, and 5.84g ADG/MJ, respectively. It is concluded that time of feeding did not affect the dietary energy utilizationin local rams

The Production and Body Composition of Kacang Goat Fed Different Quality of Diets

An experimental study was carried out to assess the effect of diet quality on productivity and bodycomposition of Kacang goat. Fifteen male Kacang goats weighing 14.28 ± 3.36 kg (CV = 23.55%) weredivided into 5 groups based on body weight. The experimental design used in this study wasRandomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 treatments of dietary protein and total digestible (TDN)contents (T1= diet with 9.20% protein and 54.67% TDN; T2= diet with 11.6% protein and 58.61%TDN; T3= diet with 18.33% protein and 65.23% TDN). Parameters observed were feed intake, drymatter intake, crude protein intake, TDN intake, live weight gain (LWG) and body composition ofKacang goat. The results showed that feed quality did not significantly affect (P>0.05) dry matter intakeand body composition, but significantly affect (P<0.05) protein intake, TDN intake and LWG. It can beconcluded that the higher quality diet resulted in higher productivity, but the higher quality diet was notaffect body composition of Kacang goat, except body fat gain (%)

Perbandingan Persentase Kulit antara Kambing Kejobong, Kambing Peranakan Ettawah dan Kambing Kacang Jantan Umur Satu Tahun

This study aimed to identify and compare of hide percentage of Kejobong, Ettawah grade (PE) and Kacang goats. The research is based on the design of relief F test using the SAS system by using four replications. The results showed that percentage of the hide in PE goats was the highest while Kacang goats was the lowest. There was no difference in the percentage of hide between Kejobong goats PE and Kacang goats