Determination of oxygen tension in the subcutaneous tissue of cosmonauts during the Salyut-6 mission

A polarographic technique was used to measure the oxygen tension in subcutaneous tissue of the forearm of a cosmonaut prior to, after, and on the fourth day of a space mission performed by Salut-6. A drop in the oxygen exchange rate in the peripheral tissues during weightlessness was observed. The mechanisms of this change are studied, taking into consideration the blood distribution in the organism and microcirculation disorders reflected by a decreased blood flow rate in arterial-venous junctions

Investigation of cooling properties of the gaseous medium of a space station

An investigation of cooling properties of the gaseous medium was performed in the biosatellite Kosmos-936 as well as in the orbital complexes Soyuz-28/Salyut-6 and Soyuz-30/Salyut-6 with the aid of an especially constructed electric dynamic catathermometer. In this instrument current was measured which was necessary to keep a steady settled temperature of the sensing device. The investigation was performed because of the disturbed heat exhange of the human body caused by lack of natural convection in weightlessness. The instrument also enabled objective estimation of the temperature of the cosmonaut's ody in six optionally selected regions. The results obtained by means of the catathermometer will also enable defining the appropriate hygienic conditions of the gaseous medium of space stations

Structure of 9-oxo-l-thioxanthenecarbonitrile 10,10-dioxide

Publisher's version/PDFC[subscript 14]H[subscript 7]NO[subscript 3]S , M[subscript r] = 269[middle dot]3, triclinic, P1, a = 8[middle dot]069 (3), b = 8[middle dot]654 (3), c = 8[middle dot]973 (3) Angstrom, [alpha] = 102[middle dot]12 (3), [beta] = 91[middle dot]16 (3), [gamma] = 108[middle dot]19 (3) °, V = 579[middle dot]5 (3) [Angstrom][superscript 3], [zeta] = 2, D[subscript x] = 1[middle dot]543 g cm[superscript -3], Mo [kappa alpha] ([lambda] = 0[middle dot]71073[Angstrom]), [mu] =2[middle dot]68 cm[superscript -1], F(000)=276, T = 298 K, R = 0[middle dot]0429 and wR = 0[middle dot]0494 for 1854 reflections [I_> 3[sigma](I)]. The bonding between C(9) and C(9a) and C(8a) is asymmetrical. C(9)---C(9a) [1[middle dot]499 (3)[Angstrom]] is longer than C(9)--C(8a) [1[middle dot]475 (3) [Angstrom]] due to the electron-withdrawing power of the cyano group. A considerable repulsion between the carbonyl and the cyano groups is accommodated by distortion of the cyano group and the geometry around C(1). Angle C(11)--C(1)--C(9a) [122[middle dot]4 (2) °] is larger than C(11)---C(1)--C(2) [116[middle dot]2 (2)°]. Additionally, angle C(1)---C(11)---N(11) is 174[middle dot]0(2) °, compared to an angle of 180 ° around an sp-hybridized carbon, and the N atom is pointing away from the carbonyl group. The dihedral angle between the two arene rings is 170[middle dot]1 (2) °

Photochemical properties of the cyclopentadienyliron complex of phenothiazine

Publisher's version/PDFPhotolysis of [([eta superscript 6]-phenothiazine)([eta superscript 5]-cyclopentadienyl)]iron(II) hexafluorophosphate (1) has been examined in various solvents such as MeOH, DMSO, THF, MeCN, furan, CH[subscript 2]Cl[subscript 2], CF[subscript 3]CH[subscript 2]OH and (CF[subscript 3])[subscript 2]CHOH. Photoreactions are induced by excitation at [lambda] = 254, 313, 337, 366, 514.5 and 647.5 nm. The major reaction leads to the photorelease of phenothiazine (2) which does not react further under the reaction conditions. Quantum yields of photolysis of 1, [phi](1), and photorelease of 2, [phi]([subscript 2]), are independent of concentration in the range of 1 × 10[superscript –4]–1 × 10[superscript–2] mol dm[superscript–3], wavelength of excitation and light intensity and in MeOH, MeCN, furan and THF, [phi]([subscript 1]) = [phi]([subscript 2]) = ca. 1. The quantum yields are lower in solvents of lower nucleophilicity and in CH[subscript 2]Cl[subscript 2], CF[subscript 3]CH[subscript 2]OH and (CF[subscript 3])[subscript 2]CHOH the [phi]([subscript 1]) values are 0.45, 0.26 and 0.03, respectively. In some solvents ferrocene formation is also observed. Applying oxygen as a quencher it is found that photochemical decay of 1 takes place from the excited state [superscript 3]E[subscript 1], with a lifetime of [tau][subscript 3][Epsilon][subscript 1] < 10[superscript –8]s and leads to formation of 2

Moho depth across the Trans-European Suture Zone from P-and S-receiver functions

The Mohorovicic discontinuity, Moho for short, which marks the boundary between crust and mantle, is the main first-order structure within the lithosphere. Geodynamics and tectonic evolution determine its depth level and properties. Here, we present a map of the Moho in central Europe across the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone, a region for which a number of previous studies are available. Our results are based on homogeneous and consistent processing of P- and S-receiver functions for the largest passive seismological data set in this region yet, consisting of more than 40 000 receiver functions from almost 500 station. Besides, we also provide new results for the crustal Vp/Vs ratio for the whole area. Our results are in good agreement with previous, more localized receiver function studies, as well as with the interpretation of seismic profiles, while at the same time resolving a higher level of detail than previous maps covering the area, for example regarding the Eifel Plume region, Rhine Graben and northern Alps. The close correspondence with the seismic data regarding crustal structure also increases confidence in use of the data in crustal corrections and the imaging of deeper structure, for which no independent seismic information is available. In addition to the pronounced, stepwise transition from crustal thicknesses of 30km in Phanerozoic Europe to more than 45 beneath the East European Craton, we can distinguish other terrane boundaries based on Moho depth as well as average crustal Vp/Vsratio and Moho phase amplitudes. The terranes with distinct crustal properties span a wide range of ages, from Palaeoproterozoic in Lithuania to Cenozoic in the Alps, reflecting the complex tectonic history of Europe. Crustal thickness and properties in the study area are also markedly influenced by tectonic overprinting, for example the formation of the Central European Basin System, and the European Cenozoic Rift System. In the areas affected by Cenozoic rifting and volcanism, thinning of the crust corresponds to lithospheric updoming reported in recent surface wave and S-receiver function studies, as expected for thermally induced deformation. The same correlation applies for crustal thickening, not only across the Trans-European Suture Zone, but also within the southern part of the Bohemian Massif. A high Poisson’s ratio of 0.27 is obtained for the craton, which is consistent with a thick mafic lower crust. In contrast, we typically find Poisson’s ratios around 0.25 for Phanerozoic Europe outside of deep sedimentary basins. Mapping of the thickness of the shallowest crustal layer, that is low-velocity sediments or weathered rock, indicates values in excess of 6km for the most pronounced basins in the study area, while thicknesses of less than 4km are found within the craton, central Germany and most of the Czech Republic.Peer reviewe

Structure of ([eta superscript 5]-cyclopentadienyl)(1,2,3,4,4a,10a-[eta superscript 6]-2-methyldibenzo[b,e][1,4)dioxine)iron(II) hexafluorophosphate at 163K

Publisher's version/PDF[C[subscript 18]H[subscript 15]Fe0[subscript 2]][PF[subscript 6]] (1), Mr = 464.13, monoclinic, P2[subscript 1]/c, a=7.976 (1), b =8.959 (3), c =24.936 (8) [Angstrom], [Beta] = 99.00 (2) °, V = 1760 (1) [Angstrom superscript 3], [Zeta] = 4, D[subscript x] = 1.751 g cm[superscript -3], [lambda](Mo Ka) = 0.71069 [Angstrom], [mu]= 10.153 cm[superscript -1], F(000)=936, T= 163 (2) K, full-matrix least-squares refinement of (I) converged to R =0.047 and wR= 0.044 with 3103 reflections [I> 3[sigma](I)] of 4065 total unique reflections. The dihedral angle between the arene rings of the dioxine ligand is 173.8 (1)°; the C--O bond distances to the coordinated ring are significantly shorter than those of the uncoordinated ring. Inclusion of electronegative atoms (i.e. N) in the arene rings of thianthrenes and complexation of iron cylopentadienyl (FeCp) to the arene rings, resulted in flattening of the dihedral angle. The effect was similar, but more pronounced, in phenoxathiins. The effect of an electron-releasing group (methyl) substituent on the arene ring of a thianthrene FeCp complex was to decrease the dihedral angle; but, inconsistently, two methyl groups (in the 2 and 7 positions) increased the angle. Dibenzodioxine and other dibenzodioxines with varying numbers of chloro substituents are planar. The dihedral angle of the title compound is 173.8°. It is not clear whether this is owing to the influence of the substituent methyl group, complexation, or packing forces

Structure of ([eta superscript 5]-cyclopentadienyl)([eta superscript 6]-p-isopropylnitrobenzene)iron(II) trifluoroacetate at 198 K

Publisher's version/PDF[Fe(C[subscript 5]H[subscript 5])(C[subscript 9]H[subscript ll]NO[subscript 2])].C[subscript 2]F[subscript 3]O[subscript 2], (I), M[subscript r] = 399[middle dot]1, monoclinic, P2[subscript 1]/c, a = 8[middle dot]995 (2), b = 10[middle dot]641 (2), c=17[middle dot]538 (5) [Angstrom], [beta]=95[middle dot]22 (2) °, V = 1671[middle dot]7 (8)[Angstrom][superscript 3], Z = 4, D[subscript x] = 1[middle dot]586 g cm [superscript -3], [lambda](Mo [kappa][alpha]) =0[middle dot]71069 [Angstrom], [mu] = 9[middle dot]50 cm[superscript -1], F(000) = 816, T= 163 K, R = 0[middle dot]0648 and wR = 0[middle dot]0713 for 2502 reflections [I[greater than or equal to] 3[sigma](I)]. The phenyl ring exhibits a significant asymmetry in the C--C and Fe--C bond lengths. C(3)--C(4) and C(4)--C(5) [1[middle dot]427 (6) and 1[middle dot]424 (6)[Angstrom]] are longer than the rest of the phenyl bonds; the longest bond with the Fe atom is that of C(4) [2[middle dot]131 (4) [Angstrom]. The lengthening of these bonds may be attributed to the bulky isopropyl group and the presence of H(7) on the same side of the phenyl ring as the FeCp moiety. The phenyl ring and the cyclopentadienyl (Cp) are nearly parallel to each other [dihedral angle 1[middle dot]3 (2)°], and the plane of the nitro group is twisted by an angle of 5[middle dot]7 (2) ° with respect to the phenyl ring. The Fe atom is closer to the phenyl ring [1[middle dot]5451 (8) [Angstrom]] than the Cp ring [1[middle dot]6711 (9)[Angstrom]]; this phenomenon was also seen in all similar compounds studied in this laboratory. Each acetyl O atom is involved in a close contact with an aromatic H atom. For C(3)--H(3)[middle dot][middle dot][middle dot]O(3) (1-x, - 0[middle dot]5 + y, 0.5 - z): C--H = 0[middle dot]86 (5), H[middle dot][middle dot][middle dot]O = 2[middle dot]59 (6), C[middle dot][middle dot][middle dot]O = 3[middle dot]207 (6) Angstrom], C--H[middle dot][middle dot][middle dot]O = 130 (3) °. For C(5)---H(5)[middle dot][middle dot][middle dot]O(4) (1 - x, 0[middle dot]5 + y, 0[middle dot]5 - z): C--H = 0[middle dot]80 (5), H[middle dot][middle dot][middle dot]O = 2[middle dot]46 (6), C[middle dot][middle dot][middle dot]O = 3[middle dot]063 (6) [Angstrom], C--H[middle dot][middle dot][middle dot]O = 132 (3) °

Structure of ([eta superscript 5]-cyclopentadienyl)([eta superscript 6]-thianthrene)iron(ll) hexafluorophosphate

Publisher's version/PDF[Fe(C5H5)(C12H8S2)][PF6] (I), Mr = 482.22, monoclinic, P21/c, a= 14.194 (3), b = 9.617 (2), c = 25-971 (5) Å,&beta; = 100.31 (2)&deg;, V = 3488 (1) Å3, Z = 8 (two molecules per asymmetric unit), Dx = 1.836 g cm-3, Mo K&alpha; (&lambda; = 0.70169 Å),&nbsp;&mu; = 12.429 cm-1, F(000) = 1936, T= 163 K. Blockmatrix least-squares refinement of (I) converged to R = 0.044 and wR = 0.040 using 3785 reflections with I &gt; 3&sigma;(I). The dihedral angles of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit are different. In molecule A, the FeCp moiety (Cp = cyclopentadiene) is inside the fold with a dihedral angle of 143.1 (2)&deg;, whereas in molecule B, the FeCp moiety is located outside the fold with a dihedral angle of 136.3 (2)&deg

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of η6-o-dichlorobenzene-η5-cyclopentadienyliron hexafluorophosphate.

abstract: Reaction of [(η6-o-Cl2C6H4)Fe(η5-C5H5)][PF6] (I) with an excess of PhOH or p-MeC6H4SH in the presence of K2CO3 gave disubstitution of both chloro groups of I, whereas a similar reaction with one equiv of the nucleophile under conditions of high diln. gave monosubstitution of one of the chloro groups of I. Similarly, di- or monosubstitution occurred with PhCH2OH or MeOH as the source of the nucleophile. A reaction occurred between I and o-MeOC6H4NH2 (II), but only the monosubstitution product was obtained, even in the presence of an excess of II. Monosubstitution was obsd. with other nucleophiles contg. the NH2 group, including NH3, NH2NH2, MeNH2 and PhCH2NH2. Reaction between I and the carbanion-enolate anion derived from acetylacetone, α-benzoylacetophenone, diethyl malonate or ethyl acetoacetate gave monosubstitution of one of the chloro groups leading to the formation of a C-C bond. An explanation for formation of monosubstitution products in reactions with N- or C-contg. nucleophiles was discussed. [on SciFinder(R)