A polarographic technique was used to measure the oxygen tension in subcutaneous tissue of the forearm of a cosmonaut prior to, after, and on the fourth day of a space mission performed by Salut-6. A drop in the oxygen exchange rate in the peripheral tissues during weightlessness was observed. The mechanisms of this change are studied, taking into consideration the blood distribution in the organism and microcirculation disorders reflected by a decreased blood flow rate in arterial-venous junctions

Baranski, S.

Bloszczynski, R.

Hermaszewski, M.

Kubiczkowa, J.

Piorko, A.

Saganiak, R.

Sarol, Z.

Skibniewsky, F.

Stendera, J.

Walichnowski, W.

English

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NASA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
	 NASA T'M-76793
DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN TENSION IN THE
	 1►
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE OF COSMONAUTS DURING
THE SALYUT-6 MISSION
S. Baranski, R. Bloszczynski, M. Ifermaszewski,
J. Kubiczkowa, A. Piorko, R. Saganiak, Z. Sarol,
F. Skibniewsky, J. Stendera, and W. Walichnowski
(NASA -TII-70 4 ;)	 GETEhcflbAll Lb UP OYIGE ► 	 Ndt -2G664
TBNSIJN. IN TaE SUdCU1ANkUUS ZISSUE CE'
CUSM O NAUTS UUhiNG THE SALYUT - 6 MISSIGb
(Mdtiondl AULUUdUt1CS d1AU SPdCrt
Admiui.stcdt1011)	 d p HC AOJ/MF AU) c SUI Uu^ G.i/^2 	
U4094
940v
Translation of "Oznaczenie cisnienia czrIstkowego tlenu w tkance
podskornej kosmonaut6w podczas lotu w stacji kosmicznej 'Salut-6',"
Postgpy astronautyki, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1979, pp. 75-80.
Z3 4 5 67
'
OR 1981
RECEI
AASA	
V fa
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i
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546
	 MARCH 1982
r
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20546
	 MARCH 1982
NASA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 	 NASA TM-76793
411-^
DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN TENSION IN THE
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE OF COSMONAUTS DURING
THE SALYUT-6 MISSION
S. Baranski, R. Bloszczynski, M. Hermaszewski,
J. Kubiczkowa, A. Piorko, R. Saganiak, Z. Sarol,
F. Skibniewsky, J. Stendera, and W. Walichnowski
(NASA-TM-76 7Q :j) DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN	 N82-20864
TENSION IN THE SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE OF
COSMONAUTS DURING.THE SALXUT-6 MISSION
(National Aeronautics and Space 	 Unclas
Adminis-tration) 8 p HC A02 /MF A01 CSCL 06P G3/52 09404
Translation of "Oznaczenie cisnienia czq.stkowego tlenu w tkance
podskornej kosmonaut6w podczas lotu w stacji kosmicznej 'Salut-61,"
Postgpy astronautyk , Vol. 12 ;
 No. 4 0
 1979 0
 pp. 75-80.
^\N,- 4-, 6
AAA 1982
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rSTANDARD TITLE PAGE
•	 ORIGINAL PAGE IF
OF POOR QUALM
1.	 Report No. 2.	 Government Accession No. 3;	 Rsciploatt°s Catalog No,
NASA TM-76793 _
4.	 Title and Subtitle 5.	 Report Dote
DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN TENSION IN THE MARC9 1982
6.	 Porform . rng Organisation CodeSUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE OF COSMONAUTS DURING
THE SALYUT-6 MISSION
7.	 Autbor(s) 8.	 Performing Orgonisotlon Report No.
S.	 Baranski,
	 R.	 Bloszczynski, M.	 Her-
maszewski,
	 J.	 Kubiczkowa, A.	 Piorko,	 R.	 10. Work Unit No.
Sa	 Z.	 Sarol, - F.	 Skibniewsky,	 J.
nn
aniak
esforminp^7yon lotion 	 cme ontl UAP OWS"'	 11. Contract or Grant No,
Leo Kanner Associates NASw- 3541Type o6 Report and Period CoveredRedwood City,	 California 	 94063.	 13.
Translation
12.	 Sponsoring Agency Nome and Address'
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14.	 Sponsoring Agency Code
Washington, DC	 20546
15, Supplementary Notes	 Translation of
"Oznaczenie c•isnienia czastkowego tlenu w tkance podskornej
kosmonautow podczas lotu w stacji kosmicznej 	 'Salut-61,"
Postepy .,astronautyki,
	
Vol.	 12,	 No.	 4,	 1979,	 pp.	 75-80.
Leo. 30S^/
16.	 Abstract
A polarbgrarhic technique was used to measure the oxygen ten-
sion in subcutaneous tissue of the forearm of cosmoftaut Her-
maszewski prior to, after, and 'on the fourth day of a space
mission performed by Balut -6. 	 A drop in the oxygen exchange
rate in the peripheral tissues during weightlessness was ob-
served.. The mechanisms of'this change acre , tudied, taking
into consideration the blood distribution in the organism and
microcirculation disorders reflected by a decreased blood flow
rate in- arterial-venous •junct'ions.
17.	 Key Words (Selected by Author(s)) 18.	 Distribution Statement
Unclassified-Unlimited
19.	 Security Classil. (of this report) 20.	 Security Clossif, (of This pogo) 21. No, of Pages 22.
Unclassified Unclassified 6
1\,N
A
,i
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f^	 a
DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN TENSION IN THE
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE OF COSMONAUTS DURING
T.HE SALYUT-6 MISSION
S. Baranski, R. Bloszczynski, M. Hermaszewski,
J. Kubiczkowa, A. Piorko, R. Saganiak, Z. Sarol,
P. Skibniewsky, J. Stendera, and W. Walichnowski
Military Institute of Aviation Medicine
Warsaw, Poland
The problems of gas exchange in a cosmonaut's organism under
	
/75*
space flight conditions are of fundamental importance. Many factors
connected with space flight may have an influence on the oxygenation
of the blood, the inten-Lity of oxygen transport, as well as on its con-
sumption in the organism's tissues.
The artificial atmosphere in a vessel or orbital station may devi-
ate from a fixed norm, bringing about changes in 'blood oxygen satura-
tion. Accelerations occurring in the course of active flight, weight-
lessness occurring in orbital flight occasioning changes in the flow
and distribution of blood in the organism, an increase in blood in
the so-called central portion of the circulation, changes in pulmonary
circulation or in the capillaries, may disrupt the processes of an
organism's gas exchange. Changes in the metabolism during weightless-
ness brought about by c hanges in muscle system loading; should also be
taken into account. It is from this, then, that studies on the mole-
cular oxygen tension in the tissues under space flight conditions have
fundamental significance, both theoretical, as well as practical, broad-
ening our ability to evaluate the state of an active organism, as well
as being able to describe the effectiveness of means for maintaining
life in outer space.
The method of polarography has found a place in the study of oxy- /76
gen tension in the tissues, p0 2 . As a result of scientific coopera-
tion.between specialists in the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia,
*Numbers.in the margin indicate pagination in the foreign text.
ORIGINAL PAGE ^:	 1
t3F POOR QUALITY
equipment for these kinds of studies, an oksymeter, was developed and
placed onboard the Salut-6 orbital station. The first version of
these studies was carried out during tho combined Sojuz-29- Salut-6
orbital flight involving the Czech cosmonaut, V. Remek.
These studies were continued by the first Polish cosmonaut, M.
Hermaszowski. Measurements of the p0 2 were taken in the subcutaneous
tissue of the forearm using an implanted platinum electrode (Fig. 1),
The first series of studies on the cosmonaut were carried out at
the fourteenth and twelfth days before lift-off; these became the lase
norm and were compared with the results of studies carried out on a
control group as well.
During atmospheric air respiration, the oxygen tension in the sub-
cutaneous tissue of M. Hermaszewski was 56.7 and 47.6 mm fig (in the
first as well as the second test). These amounts were higher in com-
parison with the control group (37 . 0.9 mm Hg).
During the hyperventilation test, the p0 2 increased to 62.2*55.5
mm Hg (in both the first and second tests). The h.ypocapnia caused by
the extended period of hyperventilation caused in its turn a drop in
the P0 2 in the tissues to values of 51.2 and 43.9 mm Hg, that is,
drops of 5.5 and 3..7 mm Ng.
In a subsequent test, the p0 2 in the subcutaneous tissue for the
respiration of pure oxygen increased to 140.9 and 139.0 mm Hg (the
first and second tests). M. Hermaszewski's reaction to hyperoxia was
less pronounced than in comparison with the control. group (17±8.1 mm
Hg). M. Hermaszewski's oxygen consumption rate in the initial base
tests 'was relatively greater, amounting to 18.9 and 15.9 mm Hg/min.
Theso amounts were greater in comparison with the amounts derived
from the control group (12.8:0.3 mm Hg/min).
2
	
ORIGINAL PAGE
OF. POOR QUALITY
.r
N
A
During respiration of a mixed gas with oxygen fractions (p0 2
--204 mm fig) characteristic. for the Salut-6 orbital station cabin,
the Gxygen tension in the suocutaneo sis tissue was 59.6 mm I1g.
M. flermaszewski carri ed out another series of tests in the Salut.-6
craft at the fourth day into flight. The oxygen tension in the sub-
cutaneous tissue was 49.5 mm fig, that is, 9.9 mm lik lower than in the
	
/77
test results from Earth before the flight. A repeated measure taken
^4A
1
Fig. 1. Tests for oxygen tension in the subcutaneous tissue of cosmo-
naut M. Fiermaszewski's arm during space flight. Cosmonaut P. Klimuk
assisting in the procedure.
after the passage of several hours revealed an increase in the p0 2 in
the tissues to a value of 53.4 mm fig, and thereafter it was no less
than 6.2 mm fig lower than the norm on Earth.
0%
3
OR!G!NAL PAGE IS
I	 OF POOR QUAI- it Y
M. Hermaszewski's oxygen consumption significantly lowered,
amounting to 9.9 mm Hg/min. For comparison, in the test series before
	 !
the flight, it wws 18.9 and 15.9 mm Hg/min.
.Another measure taken during the flight showed an increase in oxy-
gen consumption to 17.8 mm Hg/min, closer to the initial base norm.
Compariag these data with the results from the control, group, we see
that M. Hermaszewski's oxygen consumption in the first measurement was
lower, whereas in the second it exceeded the average values generated
from the test group. The 'variation in these reactions may be connected
with the cosmonaut's level of activity, for example preceding level of
active movement, emotional state, etc.
M. H^ermaszewski carried out a test series at the third day after.
	
/78
the termination of the flight and return to Earth gravitation. The
oxygen tension in the subcutaneous tissue for respiration of atmos-
pheric air was 46.2 mm Hg, somewhat lower than the value before the
flight (56.7 and 47.6 mm Hg). It was also somewhat lower in comparison
with the average tension values in the control ,group (4912 mm fIg) .
An increase in the pa t
 of 3.3 mm Hg was noted for hyperventila-
tion. The reaction to the oxygenation of blood and tissue was never-
theless somewhat 1.;5s pronounced than before the flight (5.5 and 7.9
	 a!
mm Hg), as well as in comparison with the control, group reactions (an
increase in PO 2 of 9.5 mm Hg).
During extended hyperventilation, accompanied by hypercapnia,
there was a drop in oxygen tension in the subcutaneous tissue by 2.2
mm Hg (P02 = 44.0 mm Hg). The reaction to hypocapnia was less pro-
nounced than before the flight, when drops in the P0 2
 of 5.5 and 3.7
mm Hg in the first and second measurements were noted. Although the
changes in PO 2 occurring as a result of hyperventilation were greater,
still they were less pronounced than in the control group (a drop in
P0 2 = 9.5 mm Hg). M. Hermaszews,ki's reaction to hyperventilation was,
thus, less pronounced on the third day after return to Earth conditions.
4
^	
m
Similar variations in P. Klimuka l s reactions were determined.
A much greeter increase in PO 2 in the subcutaneous tissue (154 mm
lig) than before the flight (140.9 and 130.0 min 	 was caused by the
respiration of oxygen on the third day after termination of the flight.
It did not, however, reach the values derived in the control group
(17418.1 min Fig). Oxygen consumption determined in the tests carried
out on the third day of readaptation to Earth gravity was 50.4 min
min, that is, it was close to the values derived in the second measure-
ment carried out before the flight:.
M. Flermaszewski's oxygen tension was somewhat lower after the
flight in comparison with his initial base norm. At the same tame, his
reactions to pure oxygen respiration were much more pronounced.
The tests carried out during the orbital flight under conditions
of weightlessness showed decreased rates of oxygen exchange in the
peripheral tissues. These same kinds of changes were shown by P.
Klimuk, as well. as by crew mere`	 ' of the Soyuz-29 vessel, A. Gubariew
and V. Remek.
The main reason for a drop in oxygen tension in peripheral tissue
may be changes in blood distribution in the organism displayed during
weightlessness. The shift of blood to the upper part of the body is
accompanied by symptoms of venous stagnation with disorders in the
microcirculation, expressed by decreased blood flow at the arterio-
venous junctions.
An oxygen tension determination in the subcutaneous tissue, car-
ried out by Z. Kowalenkow, under conditions of long-term hypokinesis,
as well as with changes in body position on an orthostatic table (angu-
lar deflections -15° and -30°), also showed a drop in P0 2 , accompanied
by changes in blood distribution as determined by a rheographic method.
These studies demonstrated that the movement of blood to the upper
part of the body, even over a short period of tame, induces a drop
in P0 2 in peripheral tissues.
N'i^
x
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/79
1ie,i
i
5
aUnder conditions of weigLtlessness, it is a matter of Long-term
incidents of changes in the blood supply to the individual areas of
the body. It is due to this also that the mechanism mentioned above
of variations in the oxygen exchange of the tissues appears to be
likely.
The results derived, with respect to the number of measurements
taken, should be considered to be only initial ones, requiring further
study in subsequent manned flights. However, on the basis of the
studies carried out to the present time, it may be assumed that the
parameters of oxygen exchange in the tissues can be supplemented by
diagnostic methods applied to evaluations of a cosmonaut's level of
activity at various periods during a space flight.
d
6


Determination of oxygen tension in the subcutaneous tissue of cosmonauts during the Salyut-6 mission

Determination of oxygen tension in the subcutaneous tissue of cosmonauts during the Salyut-6 mission

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