Key events and their effects on cycling behaviour in Dar-es-Salaam : abstract + powerpoint

The paper explores key events and investigates their effects on cycling behaviour in the city of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. The objective of the study is to identify specific key events during a person’s life course with a significant effect on change of travel behaviour towards cycling in relation to stage of change. Stage of change is a key construct of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change that defines behavioural readiness (intentions and actions) into six distinct categories (i.e. pre-contemplation, contemplation, prepared for action, action, maintenance, and relapse). By using a binary logistic regression model, it was possible to identify the key events that influenced change of travel behaviour among 450 daily commuters in different stages of change of cycling behaviour. Model results have shown that income generation, poor daladala (public transport) service, and harsh behaviour of daladala operators have a significant impact on changing to maintenance stage. After marriage, after child birth, past incidence of car accident on bicycle, feel shame on bicycle, fear of losing virginity among girls and shifting from small towns to Dar-es-Salaam where cars are the common mode of travel, have a significant impact on cycling especially moving from maintenance to relapse stage of cycling behaviour

Modeling commuter preferences for the proposed bus rapid transit in Dar-es-Salaam

The paper analyzes individual commuter preferences towards the proposed bus rapid transit (BRT) system in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. The objective of the survey was to identify how commuters perceive and value the proposed BRT service quality attributes. A stated preference survey of potential users of the proposed BRT was administered to 684 commuters who traveled to the central business district (CBD) on a regular basis. To this end, a special pictorial score card was developed that was suited for the local context and needed to capture the preferences of the commuter respondents. The BRT attributes considered for study are travel time, travel fare, and comfort. The stated choice data were analyzed using a binary logit model. The findings reveal, in order of importance, that comfort is the most valued attribute compared to travel time and travel fare, respectively

Blended teaching and learning methods in nursing and midwifery education: A scoping review of the literature

Background: Blended learning (BL) is defined as the combination of both traditional face-to-face learning and synchronous or asynchronous e-learning approaches. The aim of this scoping review was to explore the literature to obtain a broad understanding of the use of BLin nursing and midwifery education in general, in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and in particular Rwanda.Methods: The literature published between 2010 and 2019 were reviewed from six electronic databases using keywords including blended learning, nursing education, midwifery education, higher education, SSA, and Rwanda. Arksey and O'Malley's framework was used in this review.Results: The initial search identified 1,283 records. Eleven articles were selected for this review after the application of predetermined inclusion criteria. Almost all reviewed articles indicated that the integration of BLmethods improved the quality of nursing and midwifery education in general, and in SSAcountries including Rwanda.Conclusions: Initial research in this area highlights that moving from traditional classroom-delivered programs to the BLapproach is feasible and can promote the quality of nursing and midwifery standards of education. This scoping review highlights a paucity of research on BL in nursing and midwifery education, particularly in SSAcountries. Keywords: Blended learning, nursing and midwifery education, SSA, Rwand

PEPFAR Public Health Evaluation - Care and Support - Phase 2 Uganda

Phase 2 consisted of a longitudinal cohort study to measure patient-reported outcomes of care and support, a costing survey, and qualitative interviews to understand patient and carer experiences

Spatial variation of transit service quality preferences in Dar-es-Salaam

Commuter preferences for transit service quality are of great importance to transit service providers and regulatory agencies. The point of view of potential passengers is fundamental for evaluating transit service quality as they are envisaged to be the real consumers of the planned services and can therefore be considered the most suitable judges. A stated preference survey of daily commuters to the central business district (CBD) in the city of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, was carried out to elicit preferences towards the proposed Dar Rapid Transit (DART) service. Preferences towards the proposed DART service are considered to vary based on the residential location of the potential users. These preferences are evaluated on the attributes travel time, fare and comfort. A binary logit model was applied to establish utility functions that were analysed spatially in a GIS, where a utility value was computed for each spatial unit. This paper accordingly analyses spatial variation of transit service quality preferences for the proposed DART service using geo-spatial techniques. The study uses a scenario-based approach to evaluate the effect of the proposed DART service by comparing the ‘without DART’ scenario, a case representing the existing public transport (daladala), and a ‘DART’ scenario, representing the future proposed DART system. The results indicate that the proposed DART attributes considered in the study have a significant effect on DART service quality. The results further reveal that utility values are significantly varying spatially, particularly dependent upon distance to CBD. Comfort is the most important attribute in zones up to 5 km from the CBD, travel fare is more important in zones between 5 and 15 km from the CBD, while travel time is more important in zones beyond 15 km distance from the CBD. The overall results indicate that the DART is likely to be more attractive than the existing public transport system

Local Observations of Climate Change and Adaptation Responses: A Case Study in the Mountain Region of Burundi-Rwanda

Mountain regions and their communities are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. However, little is known on the impacts observed and adaptation responses used in Burundi’s mountain region and if these are different to those reported in the contiguous mountain region of Rwanda. This paper aims to fill in these knowledge gaps. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 300 smallholder farmers, 150 in northern Burundi and 150 in southern Rwanda. Farmers in both countries reported negative impacts on crops, animals, and human health, with small differences between countries driven by the main cultivated crops. More adaptation strategies were used in Burundi than in Rwanda, and more farmers in Burundi were using multiple strategies. In both countries, farmers’ wealth affected farmers’ adaptation responses and their food security. Notably, for all wealth groups (poor, average, rich), food security was lower in Rwanda than in Burundi. We relate our findings to current agricultural intensification policies in both countries and argue for the greater involvement of local farmers in adaptation planning using, for example, science-with-society approaches.We are deeply grateful to our study participants, who graciously shared their time, energy, and stories. We thank our field assistants and facilitators for making this research possible. We also acknowledge the Mountain Research Initiative for funding support