Global proteome changes in the rat diaphragm induced by endurance exercise training

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life-saving intervention for many critically ill patients. Unfor- tunately, prolonged MV results in the rapid development of diaphragmatic atrophy and weakness. Importantly, endurance exercise training results in a diaphragmatic phenotype that is protected against ventilator-induced diaphragmatic atrophy and weakness. The mechanisms responsible for this exercise-induced protection against ventilator-induced dia- phragmatic atrophy remain unknown. Therefore, to investigate exercise-induced changes in diaphragm muscle proteins, we compared the diaphragmatic proteome from sedentary and exercise-trained rats. Specifically, using label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrome- try, we performed a proteomics analysis of both soluble proteins and mitochondrial proteins isolated from diaphragm muscle. The total number of diaphragm proteins profiled in the sol- uble protein fraction and mitochondrial protein fraction were 813 and 732, respectively. Endurance exercise training significantly (P<0.05, FDR <10%) altered the abundance of 70 proteins in the soluble diaphragm proteome and 25 proteins of the mitochondrial proteome. In particular, key cytoprotective proteins that increased in relative abundance following exer- cise training included mitochondrial fission process 1 (Mtfp1; MTP18), 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MPST), microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3 (Mgst3; GST-III), and heat shock protein 70 kDa protein 1A/1B (HSP70). While these proteins are known to be cytoprotective in several cell types, the cyto-protective roles of these proteins have yet to be fully elucidated in diaphragm muscle fibers. Based upon these important findings, future experiments can now determine which of these diaphragmatic proteins are sufficient and/or required to promote exercise-induced protection against inactivity-induced muscle atrophy

The Ground Effect and the Mirror Effect in small air gaps

In the present paper we investigate the Ground Effect of small rod-rod air gaps, in connection to the Mirror Effect of rod-plate air gaps. The Ground Effect is a phenomenon, which is observed due to the fact that in air gap arrangements one of the two electrodes is usually at earth potential (grounded). The Mirror Effect is valid in rod-plate air gaps when the plate's diameter is very big. The field distribution along the axis of the gaps is analyzed with the Finite Element Method. The maximum values of the field strength in the gap are recorded for the two different arrangements the one with one electrode grounded, and the other with symmetrical charging of the electrodes. The distribution of the field along the axis of the gap is strongly affected by the gap length, the geometry of the arrangement, and the electrode, chosen to be at earth potential (grounded). The Mirror Effect establishes equivalence between the rod-plate and rod-rod arrangements. It is resulted that the Ground Effect and the Mirror Effect influence the corona onset and the breakdown voltage of the air gaps analogically. It is intense in small air gaps, while the influence of the corona current appears in longer air gaps and overlaps the Ground Effect. The principle of action-reaction is valid

The Ground Effect and the Mirror Effect in small air gaps

In the present paper we investigate the Ground Effect of small rod-rod air gaps, in connection to the Mirror Effect of rod-plate air gaps. The Ground Effect is a phenomenon, which is observed due to the fact that in air gap arrangements one of the two electrodes is usually at earth potential (grounded). The Mirror Effect is valid in rod-plate air gaps when the plate's diameter is very big. The field distribution along the axis of the gaps is analyzed with the Finite Element Method. The maximum values of the field strength in the gap are recorded for the two different arrangements the one with one electrode grounded, and the other with symmetrical charging of the electrodes. The distribution of the field along the axis of the gap is strongly affected by the gap length, the geometry of the arrangement, and the electrode, chosen to be at earth potential (grounded). The Mirror Effect establishes equivalence between the rod-plate and rod-rod arrangements. It is resulted that the Ground Effect and the Mirror Effect influence the corona onset and the breakdown voltage of the air gaps analogically. It is intense in small air gaps, while the influence of the corona current appears in longer air gaps and overlaps the Ground Effect. The principle of action-reaction is valid

The Ground Effect and the Mirror Effect in small air gaps

In the present paper we investigate the Ground Effect of small rod-rod air gaps, in connection to the Mirror Effect of rod-plate air gaps. The Ground Effect is a phenomenon, which is observed due to the fact that in air gap arrangements one of the two electrodes is usually at earth potential (grounded). The Mirror Effect is valid in rod-plate air gaps when the plate's diameter is very big. The field distribution along the axis of the gaps is analyzed with the Finite Element Method. The maximum values of the field strength in the gap are recorded for the two different arrangements the one with one electrode grounded, and the other with symmetrical charging of the electrodes. The distribution of the field along the axis of the gap is strongly affected by the gap length, the geometry of the arrangement, and the electrode, chosen to be at earth potential (grounded). The Mirror Effect establishes equivalence between the rod-plate and rod-rod arrangements. It is resulted that the Ground Effect and the Mirror Effect influence the corona onset and the breakdown voltage of the air gaps analogically. It is intense in small air gaps, while the influence of the corona current appears in longer air gaps and overlaps the Ground Effect. The principle of action-reaction is valid