Five Strategies to Support all Teachers: Suggestions to Get Off the Slippery Slope of Cookbook Science Teaching

Many teachers shudder at the thought of implementing an inquiry curriculum. Perhaps they envision a rowdy classroom with little learning. Maybe they wonder, How will this connect to all the standards? Fortunately, these legitimate concerns can be addressed, and all students can engage in thoughtfully constructed inquiry science experiences. In this article, we outline five strategies that we have used with elementary school teachers as they moved from a cookbook approach in science to an approach that is inquiry-based. Having presented these five strategies in a linear format, we know that on the surface this may seem close to the slippery slope of cookbook science teaching, but we also know that thoughtful practitioners working in classrooms across the country will see these strategies as interactive, overlapping, and nonsequential

Detecting the signatures of helium in type Iax supernovae

Recent studies have argued that the progenitor system of type Iax supernovae must consist of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf accreting from a helium star companion. Based on existing explosion models invoking the pure deflagration of carbon-oxygen white dwarfs, we investigate the likelihood of producing spectral features due to helium in type Iax supernovae. From this scenario, we select those explosion models producing ejecta and $^{56}$Ni masses that are broadly consistent with those estimated for type Iax supernovae (0.014 - 0.478~$M_{\odot}$ and $\sim0.003$ - 0.183~$M_{\odot}$, respectively). To this end, we present a series of models of varying luminosities ($-18.4 \lesssim M_{\rm{V}} \lesssim -14.5$~mag) with helium abundances accounting for up to $\sim$36\% of the ejecta mass, and covering a range of epochs beginning a few days before B$-$band maximum to approximately two weeks after maximum. We find that the best opportunity for detecting \ion{He}{i} features is at near-infrared wavelengths, and in the post-maximum spectra of the fainter members of this class. We show that the optical spectrum of SN~2007J is potentially consistent with a large helium content (a few 10$^{-2}~M_{\odot}$), but argue that current models of accretion and material stripping from a companion struggle to produce compatible scenarios. We also investigate the presence of helium in all objects with near-infrared spectra. We show that SNe~2005hk, 2012Z, and 2015H contain either no helium or their helium abundances are constrained to much lower values ($\lesssim$10$^{-3}~M_{\odot}$). Our results demonstrate the differences in helium content among type Iax supernovae, perhaps pointing to different progenitor channels. Either SN~2007J is an outlier in terms of its progenitor system, or it is not a true member of the type Iax supernova class.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Cohort, Year and Age Effects in Canadian Wage Data

We use Canadian Surveys of Consumer Finances 1971-1993 to study the wages of full-time, full-year male and female workers. Median real wages of 24-year-old males without a university degree fell by 25% between 1978 and 1993. For 24-year-old females the decline was more modest and reversed in 1987, but real wages in 1993 were still significantly lower than they were in 1978. We investigate whether these changes are permanent "cohort" effects or more temporary "year" effects. Graphs of median wages against year and age indicate some periods where year effects are more prominent than cohort effects and other periods where the reverse is true. We then compare the results from two models, one assigning the trends to year effects, the other assigning them to cohort effects, and use these models to produce real wage projections.SCF; wages; cohort

Fluent temporal logic for discrete-time event-based models

Fluent model checking is an automated technique for verifying that an event-based operational model satisfies some state-based declarative properties. The link between the event-based and state-based formalisms is defined through fluents which are state predicates whose value are determined by the occurrences of initiating and terminating events that make the fluents values become true or false, respectively. The existing fluent temporal logic is convenient for reasoning about untimed event-based models but difficult to use for timed models. The paper extends fluent temporal logic with temporal operators for modelling timed properties of discrete-time event-based models. It presents two approaches that differ on whether the properties model the system state after the occurrence of each event or at a fixed time rate. Model checking of timed properties is made possible by translating them into the existing untimed framework. Copyright 2005 ACM

Reminiscence of John Muir by Magee, William A.

Dr. Wm F. Bade with compliments from William A. Magee [Published in Sierra Club Bulletin 21 (Feb 1936) 25-34 PERSONAL RECOLLECTION OF JOHN MUIR By William A. Magee Very happy personal recollections of John Muir are mine because there was a warm and intimate friendship and companionship between him and my father. This began when they met in Yosemite Valley in the Summer of 1871, while my father and mother were there. It was the beginning of a life-long friendship of these men, whose love of the mountains drew them together on trips in and about Yosemite, the Lake Tahoe region, throughout California and to Washington State and Alaska, on many of which say brothers ard I were included. My earliest recollection of Mr. Muir goes back to about 1873. At a dinner at our home he asked as what I was going to do when I grew up. My reply was, The real estate business with my father. Oh, he said, then your father will have the sign on his office changed from Thomas Magee to \u27Thomas Magee & Son\u27 . I thought that iras what would happen. My father said, No, Muir, this sign will be changed to read \u27Willie Magee and Father\u27 . This reminds me that, as was the almost universal custom, they addressed each other by their last names, although on the basis of close personal friendship, they might have been expected to speak to each other by their first names. Recentiy when introduced to Mr. Frank Swett of Berkeley, I at once asked him whether by any chance he was John Swett\u27s son. His reply was, Yes, and by any chance are you Thomas Magee\u27s son? I said yes and that many a time, in the days before the telephone, I had gone to his father\u27s home on Taylor Street, near Washington, with notes for Mr. Muir, who spent several winters there. This is the 1419 Taylor Street, address from which Mr. Muir wrote many of his letters now in Dr. Bade\u27s wonderful volumes, The Life and Letters of John Muir . It was here that Mr. Muir explained to me the marvellous clock he had made when a student at the University of Wisconsin. It was run by weights, and not only told the time of day, but many other things as well. When my brothers and I were old enough, we were taken by my father and Mr. Muir on trips to Yosemite and to Lake Tahoe, not only in summer, but in winter also. They taught us to use skis and many a time we made the trip with them from Truckee to Tahoe and back in the snow. This was usually in March, which was selected as the time when the heavy storms were over and before the snow began to thaw in the Spring. On one of these winter trips we stayed at McKinney\u27s, which was the only place on the Lake kept open during the winter. One day, Mr. Muir and my father rowed nine miles in a big whitehall boat to Emerald Bay. On their return they told us that they had had a swim in Emerald Bay, had then rolled around in the snow, like a couple of boys, and after another splash in the lakes, rowed back to McKinney\u27s. The Scotch are a hardy race, it must have been about this time that I delighted Mr. Muir\u27s Scotch soul by repeating for his Bruce\u27s address to his Army before the Battle of Bannockburn part of which is still remembered: Scots, wha hae wi\u27 Wallace bled, Scots, when Bruce has aften led, Welcome to your gory bed Or to victorie! Now\u27s the day, and now\u27s the hour; Sea the front o\u27battle lower; See approach proud Edward\u27s power -- Chains and slaveries! One of the summer trips which stands out in my memory was a three-day tramp from Summit Station on the Southern Pacific, over the mountains to Lake Tahoe. In later years, and after sssny rouph experiences in the fountains, we look back and marvel that, without maps or anything but his knowledge of the mountain ranges to guide him, Mr. Muir never got us into brush fields or impossible spots. We made this wonderful tramp with, comfort and in just about the time he had estimated. That trip will never he forgotten nor my disappointment that no tiise was taken to climb to the actual summits of Tinker\u27s Knob and Anderson\u27s Peak which were on our route and close to which we passed. With my brother Tom we had, a few years before, spent a summer vacation at Summit Soda Springs, from which these peaks were visible, and we had longed to go to the top of each of them. We either travelled on ridges or hogsbacks everywhere, when possible, or kept them in sight, in the sane way that, we later learned, Indians, experienced woodsmen and hunters always do. We soon discovered Mr. Muir and my father were but boys of a larger growth, for many a time we would stop at the top of a mile-long snowfield and start boulders and big rocks rolling down the snow—yes, and all yell with delight when a particularly big one would race on ahead of a smaller one, or throw an immense spray of snow when it struck a boulder, a stump or a fallen tree. On this summer trip, one night, we camped on an open spot in sight of The Soda Springs. Mr. Muir proposed to my father that they start a fire in a hollow pitch pine log, 60 or 80 feet long, lying on the ground. He knew it would raise a rumpus, and it did, although there was no danger of setting a forest fire, for it was on open ground. When the log was well afire, the roar cf flame through the hollow chimney of the log and the intense clouds of stacks, which only a pitch pine log could produce, made a wonderful display and caused the people at Soda Springs, as we heard afterwards, to think that it was a big forest fire. It burned, all night and kept the cold from us, but was out by morning. There were no kodaks or handy cameras in those days to enable us to bring back pictures of scenes we hat enjoyed together, but the sketches Mr. Muir occasionally made of trees or meadows, or of mountains and ranges we thought exceedingly good. Many of these were published with his articles in the Century Magazine in those early days and appear also in his collected works. They bear out my recollection that they were good, for even now there ean be distinguished in them the characteristics of a yellow pine, a sugar pine, or a Douglas Spruce, far better than from most photographs or kodaks. Mr. Muir and my father gave us the benefit of definite instruction and advice about walking, skiing, rowing and swimming, which, above everything else, were to be done in moderation. My father had laid down three rules for swimlng to guide my four brothers and myself: The first was, Swim Slowly; the second was, Don\u27t Swim So Fast; and the third was, Swim Slower. Anyone who remembers how fast beginners try to swim, will realize the practical wisdom contained in these rules. The same rules applied to rowing, my father and Mr. Muir were powerful swimmers and oarsman, but they never permitted us to race, nor did they ever race either in swimming or in rowing or in walking. My father, my brother Tom and I put this training and instruction in rowing to the test in later years by rowing around Lake Tahoe in a day. Leaving McKinney\u27s at 5 o\u27clock in the morning, with six oars in use all day, we covered the 65 miles and were back at McKinney\u27s at 3 o\u27clock that night. Never once did we put on any speed, but with uniformly slow and steady stroke we made five miles per hour for 15 hours actual rowing time. On these trips we learned from Mr. Muir that there were likewise three rules for trapping in the mountains: The first was, always take good care of your feet; the second was, always wear heavy socks and good stout old shoes {never a new pair); and the third was, stop several times in a day\u27s walk and bathe your feet. He told as that more men were rejected from the Army because of bad feet, than from any other cause. I can still hunt, tramp and fish all day in the mountains, and, whatever may hold me back, or slow me down with advancing years, it has never been, and probably never will be, my feet. We always noticed that Mr. Muir had a peculiar shuffling gait, like Indians, who lift their feet but little. There was economy of effort and no wasted energy, but he never gave his reasons for doing this, and we never asked, for fear he would think we were criticising him. On a dusty road he shuffled along and paid no attention to the dust he raised, so we kept far out in front, while he and my father walked side by side in the rear, or frequently we trailed along behind, leg and foot weary, while Mr. Muir with his shuffle, and my father with his Iong swinging stride, seemed never to tire. We tried to imitate Mr. Muir\u27s shuffle, but were never able to acquire his peculiar gait. On one trip returning from Tahoe to Truckee, the melting snow on a warm day stuck in chunks to the bottom of our skis, which made it impossible to use them, no natter how well treated with dope. My legs were too short to walk in the soft snow, into which we sank a foot or more, while we carried, our skis. Mr. Muir and my father therefore decided to shove on to Truckee, through the soft snow and slush, leaving me in an old cabin until they could send out a man in a two-horse sleigh for me. On one winter trip, my father, who had become quite proficient in using skis on level ground, was very anxious to take a long run on a sloping hillside. With Mr. Muir he went back of McKinney\u27s, at Lake Tahoe, up one of the long sloping hills, to get an opportunity for a good long slide. He had often referred to the joy and thrill of riding on skis and had used the expression, the poetry of motion , as descriptive of the sensation. After he had successfully slid quite a long distance, he completely lost control and took a terrible spill into a snowbank. Mr. Muir often enjoyed telling of the curve my father, with his 6 feet 3 inches of height, described in the air, and of the fact that the poetry of motion was rudely interrupted while he extricated himself from the snowbank into which he had dived headfirst. Mr. Muir when telling of this skiing experience, which he often did, always explained in detail the disgusted way in which my father slowly got out of the snowbank, took the melting snow from his neck and wrists forgetting all about the poetry of motion . Mr. Muir had, in our various trips to Yosemite, told us of the men he knew there in early days, of Galen Clark, the first guardian of the valley, of old man Lambert, who had a cabin at one of the soda springs, of Black, the hotelman, and of others; but the man we thought most of, outside of Mr. Muir, was a Scotchman, named Anderson, who was the first man to climb to the top of Half Dome. Mr. Muir told us that in 1875 Anderson had drilled holes in the bare surface of Half Dome and fastened spikes enough to enable him with ropes to climb to the top. Although s dangerous trip, Mr. Muir made the ascent in 1876. After Anderson\u27s death, which occurred that same year, the spikes were neglected and many of them disappeared. It is not believed that anyone else attempted the ascent until 1895, when my brother Tom, with Stuart Rawlings, readied the summit. About 1926 Mr. Hall McAllister had a permanent metal handrail and stops installed. These mountain trips ware an inspiration and education to my brothers and to me. They may not have been, and probably were not, fully valued at the time, but were deeply appreciated and remembered in after years whan we came to understand, with grateful hearts, that we have no richer inheritance than these mountain experiences in all our treasury of unearned blessings. Is it any wonder than that I revere my father\u27s memory, as well as that of John Muir, in the recollection of their companionship on these wonderful mountain trips, and rejoice in the love of God\u27s out-of-doors which they inspired? Mr. Muir\u27s knowledge of plants, flowers, shrubs, trees and botany was almost unlimited. On one occasion these men stopped while Mr. Muir picked a tiny flower, at the foot of a Sequoia, or at the base of a cliff. He gave us its name and called attention to its beauty of form and delicacy of color. My father then remarked that this little flower was praising the Creator and showing forth the beauties of his handiwork, as much as the giant tree or the mountain. He then said, Muir, do you remember in Gray\u27s Elegy, the lines: \u27Full many a gem of purest ray serene The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear, Full many a flower is born to blush unseen And waste its sweetness on the desert air\u27. This is beautiful poetic license , he said, but it is not true - and then my father stated, and Mr. Muir agreed, that no flowar is born to blush unseen or wastes its sweetness , while, in the sight of the Creator, it does its part as truly as a Sequoia, an El Capitan or a South Dome. What a wealth of quotations and references in literature and in poetry we heard, only a small part of which can now be remembered. One day looking up at El Capitan or down from Glacier Point, ww asked how long it would take a rock to get down the 3750 feet to the floor of the Valley. We no doubt got an answer, although it is not not remembered, but it led to my father asking Mr. Muir if he remembered the passage in Milton\u27s Paradise Lost which described the devil\u27s fall when thrown by Angry Jove from the battlements of Heaven. My father quoted the first part From morn to noon he fell, from noon to dewey eve, a summer\u27s day ; and then Mr. Muir added, and with the setting sun dropped from the Zenith like a falling star . We were told that the words a summer\u27s day , was as great an example of emphasis as existed in literature. Dr. Edward Robeson Taylor expressed his admiration for these men, whoa he knew, and their sterling emailties, by dedicating to them the following Sonnet, entitled, NATURE\u27S CARE OF HER OWN Nature takes loving thought of all her own With marvellous cunning and with watchful eye, So that her countless brood may multiply, Nor leave their mother desolate and lone. To the wild, fruits by care of man unknown, That ripe where winter at his stormiest blows, She gives more seeds and better than to those in cultured garden delicately grown. And so in him that on the rugged beast Of mountain finds his joy and his repose, who makes the pine his fellow, and with zest Treads the great glaciers and their kindred snows, A strength is planted, that in direst test Dares all the devils of Danger to oppose. On these mountain trips we absorbed from these men a love of the woods and the mountains, and from Mr. Muir, a knowledge of the different kinds of trees, plants, flowers and shrubs, and frequently had our attention called by him to evidences of the action of glaciers; all of which were constant subjects of conversation. We learned the difference between a lateral and a terminal moraine, and heard from him that glacial action had carved out the Yosemite Valley, not an earthquake or an upheaval or a subsidence. In later years we learned that his views in this regard were early opposed by Professor Whitney, Clarence King and many others, but Mr. Muir\u27s opinions and conclusions are now not only universally accepted, but in addition it has long been conceded that he was the first to attribute the origin of Yosemite to glacial action. There was also discussion of literature and poetry with many quotations from the Bible, Shakespeare, Scott, Burns and the Classics, in all of which they were both thoroughly read. On another memorable trip to Lake Tahoe, on which it was impossible for me to go, Mr. Muir, my father, Bob Watson, a well-known Tahoe guide, and two of my brothers went to the summit of Mt. Tallac in mid-winter. In 1879 Mr.Muir, my father and I sailed on the old side-wheeler S.S. Dakota to Victoria and Puget Sound. After the trip down the Sound to Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia, we returned to Victoria. They went from there to Alaska, while my return to San Francisco to go to High School prevented me from going. I sailed home on the same steamer with Miss Emily Pelton, an old family friend of the Muirs. They went to Juneau, Sitka and later to the glacier, on which Mr. Muir spent much time then and later in studying and exploring, and which was thereafter known as the Muir Glacier. We later heard from him and my father about the wonders of this trip. Mr. Muir made a trip the following year to the same glacier. While we listened to his vivid description of this great glacier, we were particularly interested in his story of Stickeen, a little dog, which accompanied him on a perilous trip across this glacier in a storm, when both nearly lost their lives. If you have any love for dogs, or any desire to note John Muir\u27s wonderful powers of description, get and read this story of Stickeen . Dr. Bade, in his Life and Letters of John Muir , truly states that Stickeen became the subject of one of the noblest dog stories in English literature . You might well think they were caught in a storm. So they were, - but in this case, as in many other experiences in Mr. Muir\u27s life, he had deliberately chosen to go out and investigate and study Nature under storm conditions. He said that Many of nature\u27s finest lessons are to be found is her storms, and if careful to keep in right relations with them, we may go safely abroad in them, rejoicing in the grandeur and beauty of their works and ways . You need hardly be reminded of the startling description which I heard him relate, of a terrific windstorm in the Sierras, into which he deliberately went to see and learn the action of the wind on the trees and the forest, in what he described as one of the grandest storms he ever witnessed. While telling of this experience, and in writing about it, he minimized the personal danger from falling limbs and trees, as he walked through the forest, literally rejoicing in the manifestations of the storm king. He said that it would be a fine thing to climb a tree to get an extended outlook, and be close to what he described as the music of the topmost branches during the storm. He made his way to the upper branches of a Douglas spruce about 100 feet high, where he said he hung on for an hour or so, while the spruce bent and swayed in the storm. His description of this experience in his Mountains of California is thrilling, and the only experience of its kind, it is believed, in existence. This desire to see the forces of nature at work was shown again when he rushed from his cabin at 2 o\u27clock in the morning, both glad and frightened, as he expressed himself, to witness the effect of the earthquake of 1872, while thousands of tons of granite made their way, fiery from friction, to the floor of the Valley, from the Yosemite walls. Nothing relating to the formation ef the mountains, or their carving or sculpture, ever missed his bright blue eye. After a trip to the Mt. Whitney country in 1909, I told Mr. Muir of it. When he learned that we had been on the lower Kern, he told me the Kern lakes had been formed by a big landslide caused by the earthquake of 1872; that be had examined the ground subsequently, and there was no question that this was the origin of these lakes, When on many a tramp as reached some secluded and beautiful mountain meadow, where we had planned, to camp, and found that it had been overrun with sheep, Mr. Muir\u27s and my father\u27s disgust was unbounded. Mr. Muir always spoke of sheep as hoofed locusts , their owners as equivalent to outlaws and only one step worse than the human locusts , as he called the lumbermen, who cut timber and would have denuded the forests it had taken hundreds and thousands of years to bring to the maturity of the glorious forests of California and the West. He said that while Indians burned the brush to facilitate deer hunting, campers permitted fires to run and so did millmen, but the fires of sheepmen were responsible for ninety per cent of all destructive fires that sweep the woods. It always seamed to me Mr. Muir and my father were very temperate in their language in discussing these matters on which they felt so deeply. They never used damn , but the limit of their strong language was reached when they would refer to the confounded sheep and cattlemen and the ditto lumbermen, who, if they had their way, would have cut even Sequoias, in God\u27s temples in the Sierras, which should be preserved for posterity. It is well known that Mr. Muir aided materially in the formation of Yosamite National Park, first, and later the Sequoia National Park, by enlisting the interest and help of President Theodore Roosevelt and many other influential men in the East and the West. When, he decided in 1911 to take his long talked-of trip around the world, he called at my office and asked me to go with him to the bank to help his arrange for the expenses of his journey, I gladly went and told him the bank would give him a letter of credit for any amount he desired. He actually wondered if they would do it, although he had on deposit to my knowledge more than fifteen tines the amount of the letter of credit he wanted. As we walked along Montgomery Street and looked up at the office buildings, he referred to these sunless canyons and regretted that civilization and business seemed to make them necessary. He then gave me a lecture, as only he could give it, when he heard that I, one of his boys , was in favor of taking Hetch Hetehy for a San Franciso water supply. We discussed this at great length then and later, but neither ever changed his opinion on the matter. It was not that he objected to San Francisco having a Sierra, or even a Tuolumne, water supply, but that he contended that all the water required would be obtained from sources outside the Yosemite National Park. About a year later, in 1912, on a visit to Muir Woods, in Merin County, and while we were waiting for lunch to be ser

Treating the Children of Bolivia Infected with Chagas Disease: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

The purpose of this study was to perform a cost-benefit analysis of an intervention to treat all the children in Bolivia (under 15 years of age) who are infected with Chagas disease. This research was carried out in La Paz, Bolivia where the author lived for a year collecting data in collaboration with the National Chagas Control Program, Bolivian Ministry of Health. Operational costs were based on current prices for laboratory testing and pharmaceuticals, average hourly wages for health care workers, and the number of children who would be treated. The benefit of the program was estimated as the sum of direct and indirect costs associated with chronic cardiac disease caused by Chagas infection. Direct costs were calculated as the minimum amount needed for adequate medical treatment summed over the patients life span. Indirect costs were measured in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) multiplied by average yearly salary to more fully account for the true burden of disease. Implementation cost was estimated to be approximately $35 million. This intervention would prevent over 279,000 DALYs and alleviate$123 million in direct and $632 million in indirect costs. Clearly, such a program would be extremely cost-effective. Thus, with an initial investment of less than$135 per infected child, approximately $2,900 worth of future costs would be prevented, in addition to improvements in quality of life not captured by DALYs. A sensitivity analysis showed that even while assuming a high variability of the data, the cost and benefit of this intervention were significantly different (p-value \u3c 0.001)

Reminiscence of John Muir by Magee, William A.

Dr. Wm F. Bade with compliments from William A. Magee [Published in Sierra Club Bulletin 21 (Feb 1936) 25-34 PERSONAL RECOLLECTION OF JOHN MUIR By William A. Magee Very happy personal recollections of John Muir are mine because there was a warm and intimate friendship and companionship between him and my father. This began when they met in Yosemite Valley in the Summer of 1871, while my father and mother were there. It was the beginning of a life-long friendship of these men, whose love of the mountains drew them together on trips in and about Yosemite, the Lake Tahoe region, throughout California and to Washington State and Alaska, on many of which say brothers ard I were included. My earliest recollection of Mr. Muir goes back to about 1873. At a dinner at our home he asked as what I was going to do when I grew up. My reply was, The real estate business with my father. Oh, he said, then your father will have the sign on his office changed from Thomas Magee to \u27Thomas Magee & Son\u27 . I thought that iras what would happen. My father said, No, Muir, this sign will be changed to read \u27Willie Magee and Father\u27 . This reminds me that, as was the almost universal custom, they addressed each other by their last names, although on the basis of close personal friendship, they might have been expected to speak to each other by their first names. Recentiy when introduced to Mr. Frank Swett of Berkeley, I at once asked him whether by any chance he was John Swett\u27s son. His reply was, Yes, and by any chance are you Thomas Magee\u27s son? I said yes and that many a time, in the days before the telephone, I had gone to his father\u27s home on Taylor Street, near Washington, with notes for Mr. Muir, who spent several winters there. This is the 1419 Taylor Street, address from which Mr. Muir wrote many of his letters now in Dr. Bade\u27s wonderful volumes, The Life and Letters of John Muir . It was here that Mr. Muir explained to me the marvellous clock he had made when a student at the University of Wisconsin. It was run by weights, and not only told the time of day, but many other things as well. When my brothers and I were old enough, we were taken by my father and Mr. Muir on trips to Yosemite and to Lake Tahoe, not only in summer, but in winter also. They taught us to use skis and many a time we made the trip with them from Truckee to Tahoe and back in the snow. This was usually in March, which was selected as the time when the heavy storms were over and before the snow began to thaw in the Spring. On one of these winter trips we stayed at McKinney\u27s, which was the only place on the Lake kept open during the winter. One day, Mr. Muir and my father rowed nine miles in a big whitehall boat to Emerald Bay. On their return they told us that they had had a swim in Emerald Bay, had then rolled around in the snow, like a couple of boys, and after another splash in the lakes, rowed back to McKinney\u27s. The Scotch are a hardy race, it must have been about this time that I delighted Mr. Muir\u27s Scotch soul by repeating for his Bruce\u27s address to his Army before the Battle of Bannockburn part of which is still remembered: Scots, wha hae wi\u27 Wallace bled, Scots, when Bruce has aften led, Welcome to your gory bed Or to victorie! Now\u27s the day, and now\u27s the hour; Sea the front o\u27battle lower; See approach proud Edward\u27s power -- Chains and slaveries! One of the summer trips which stands out in my memory was a three-day tramp from Summit Station on the Southern Pacific, over the mountains to Lake Tahoe. In later years, and after sssny rouph experiences in the fountains, we look back and marvel that, without maps or anything but his knowledge of the mountain ranges to guide him, Mr. Muir never got us into brush fields or impossible spots. We made this wonderful tramp with, comfort and in just about the time he had estimated. That trip will never he forgotten nor my disappointment that no tiise was taken to climb to the actual summits of Tinker\u27s Knob and Anderson\u27s Peak which were on our route and close to which we passed. With my brother Tom we had, a few years before, spent a summer vacation at Summit Soda Springs, from which these peaks were visible, and we had longed to go to the top of each of them. We either travelled on ridges or hogsbacks everywhere, when possible, or kept them in sight, in the sane way that, we later learned, Indians, experienced woodsmen and hunters always do. We soon discovered Mr. Muir and my father were but boys of a larger growth, for many a time we would stop at the top of a mile-long snowfield and start boulders and big rocks rolling down the snow—yes, and all yell with delight when a particularly big one would race on ahead of a smaller one, or throw an immense spray of snow when it struck a boulder, a stump or a fallen tree. On this summer trip, one night, we camped on an open spot in sight of The Soda Springs. Mr. Muir proposed to my father that they start a fire in a hollow pitch pine log, 60 or 80 feet long, lying on the ground. He knew it would raise a rumpus, and it did, although there was no danger of setting a forest fire, for it was on open ground. When the log was well afire, the roar cf flame through the hollow chimney of the log and the intense clouds of stacks, which only a pitch pine log could produce, made a wonderful display and caused the people at Soda Springs, as we heard afterwards, to think that it was a big forest fire. It burned, all night and kept the cold from us, but was out by morning. There were no kodaks or handy cameras in those days to enable us to bring back pictures of scenes we hat enjoyed together, but the sketches Mr. Muir occasionally made of trees or meadows, or of mountains and ranges we thought exceedingly good. Many of these were published with his articles in the Century Magazine in those early days and appear also in his collected works. They bear out my recollection that they were good, for even now there ean be distinguished in them the characteristics of a yellow pine, a sugar pine, or a Douglas Spruce, far better than from most photographs or kodaks. Mr. Muir and my father gave us the benefit of definite instruction and advice about walking, skiing, rowing and swimming, which, above everything else, were to be done in moderation. My father had laid down three rules for swimlng to guide my four brothers and myself: The first was, Swim Slowly; the second was, Don\u27t Swim So Fast; and the third was, Swim Slower. Anyone who remembers how fast beginners try to swim, will realize the practical wisdom contained in these rules. The same rules applied to rowing, my father and Mr. Muir were powerful swimmers and oarsman, but they never permitted us to race, nor did they ever race either in swimming or in rowing or in walking. My father, my brother Tom and I put this training and instruction in rowing to the test in later years by rowing around Lake Tahoe in a day. Leaving McKinney\u27s at 5 o\u27clock in the morning, with six oars in use all day, we covered the 65 miles and were back at McKinney\u27s at 3 o\u27clock that night. Never once did we put on any speed, but with uniformly slow and steady stroke we made five miles per hour for 15 hours actual rowing time. On these trips we learned from Mr. Muir that there were likewise three rules for trapping in the mountains: The first was, always take good care of your feet; the second was, always wear heavy socks and good stout old shoes {never a new pair); and the third was, stop several times in a day\u27s walk and bathe your feet. He told as that more men were rejected from the Army because of bad feet, than from any other cause. I can still hunt, tramp and fish all day in the mountains, and, whatever may hold me back, or slow me down with advancing years, it has never been, and probably never will be, my feet. We always noticed that Mr. Muir had a peculiar shuffling gait, like Indians, who lift their feet but little. There was economy of effort and no wasted energy, but he never gave his reasons for doing this, and we never asked, for fear he would think we were criticising him. On a dusty road he shuffled along and paid no attention to the dust he raised, so we kept far out in front, while he and my father walked side by side in the rear, or frequently we trailed along behind, leg and foot weary, while Mr. Muir with his shuffle, and my father with his Iong swinging stride, seemed never to tire. We tried to imitate Mr. Muir\u27s shuffle, but were never able to acquire his peculiar gait. On one trip returning from Tahoe to Truckee, the melting snow on a warm day stuck in chunks to the bottom of our skis, which made it impossible to use them, no natter how well treated with dope. My legs were too short to walk in the soft snow, into which we sank a foot or more, while we carried, our skis. Mr. Muir and my father therefore decided to shove on to Truckee, through the soft snow and slush, leaving me in an old cabin until they could send out a man in a two-horse sleigh for me. On one winter trip, my father, who had become quite proficient in using skis on level ground, was very anxious to take a long run on a sloping hillside. With Mr. Muir he went back of McKinney\u27s, at Lake Tahoe, up one of the long sloping hills, to get an opportunity for a good long slide. He had often referred to the joy and thrill of riding on skis and had used the expression, the poetry of motion , as descriptive of the sensation. After he had successfully slid quite a long distance, he completely lost control and took a terrible spill into a snowbank. Mr. Muir often enjoyed telling of the curve my father, with his 6 feet 3 inches of height, described in the air, and of the fact that the poetry of motion was rudely interrupted while he extricated himself from the snowbank into which he had dived headfirst. Mr. Muir when telling of this skiing experience, which he often did, always explained in detail the disgusted way in which my father slowly got out of the snowbank, took the melting snow from his neck and wrists forgetting all about the poetry of motion . Mr. Muir had, in our various trips to Yosemite, told us of the men he knew there in early days, of Galen Clark, the first guardian of the valley, of old man Lambert, who had a cabin at one of the soda springs, of Black, the hotelman, and of others; but the man we thought most of, outside of Mr. Muir, was a Scotchman, named Anderson, who was the first man to climb to the top of Half Dome. Mr. Muir told us that in 1875 Anderson had drilled holes in the bare surface of Half Dome and fastened spikes enough to enable him with ropes to climb to the top. Although s dangerous trip, Mr. Muir made the ascent in 1876. After Anderson\u27s death, which occurred that same year, the spikes were neglected and many of them disappeared. It is not believed that anyone else attempted the ascent until 1895, when my brother Tom, with Stuart Rawlings, readied the summit. About 1926 Mr. Hall McAllister had a permanent metal handrail and stops installed. These mountain trips ware an inspiration and education to my brothers and to me. They may not have been, and probably were not, fully valued at the time, but were deeply appreciated and remembered in after years whan we came to understand, with grateful hearts, that we have no richer inheritance than these mountain experiences in all our treasury of unearned blessings. Is it any wonder than that I revere my father\u27s memory, as well as that of John Muir, in the recollection of their companionship on these wonderful mountain trips, and rejoice in the love of God\u27s out-of-doors which they inspired? Mr. Muir\u27s knowledge of plants, flowers, shrubs, trees and botany was almost unlimited. On one occasion these men stopped while Mr. Muir picked a tiny flower, at the foot of a Sequoia, or at the base of a cliff. He gave us its name and called attention to its beauty of form and delicacy of color. My father then remarked that this little flower was praising the Creator and showing forth the beauties of his handiwork, as much as the giant tree or the mountain. He then said, Muir, do you remember in Gray\u27s Elegy, the lines: \u27Full many a gem of purest ray serene The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear, Full many a flower is born to blush unseen And waste its sweetness on the desert air\u27. This is beautiful poetic license , he said, but it is not true - and then my father stated, and Mr. Muir agreed, that no flowar is born to blush unseen or wastes its sweetness , while, in the sight of the Creator, it does its part as truly as a Sequoia, an El Capitan or a South Dome. What a wealth of quotations and references in literature and in poetry we heard, only a small part of which can now be remembered. One day looking up at El Capitan or down from Glacier Point, ww asked how long it would take a rock to get down the 3750 feet to the floor of the Valley. We no doubt got an answer, although it is not not remembered, but it led to my father asking Mr. Muir if he remembered the passage in Milton\u27s Paradise Lost which described the devil\u27s fall when thrown by Angry Jove from the battlements of Heaven. My father quoted the first part From morn to noon he fell, from noon to dewey eve, a summer\u27s day ; and then Mr. Muir added, and with the setting sun dropped from the Zenith like a falling star . We were told that the words a summer\u27s day , was as great an example of emphasis as existed in literature. Dr. Edward Robeson Taylor expressed his admiration for these men, whoa he knew, and their sterling emailties, by dedicating to them the following Sonnet, entitled, NATURE\u27S CARE OF HER OWN Nature takes loving thought of all her own With marvellous cunning and with watchful eye, So that her countless brood may multiply, Nor leave their mother desolate and lone. To the wild, fruits by care of man unknown, That ripe where winter at his stormiest blows, She gives more seeds and better than to those in cultured garden delicately grown. And so in him that on the rugged beast Of mountain finds his joy and his repose, who makes the pine his fellow, and with zest Treads the great glaciers and their kindred snows, A strength is planted, that in direst test Dares all the devils of Danger to oppose. On these mountain trips we absorbed from these men a love of the woods and the mountains, and from Mr. Muir, a knowledge of the different kinds of trees, plants, flowers and shrubs, and frequently had our attention called by him to evidences of the action of glaciers; all of which were constant subjects of conversation. We learned the difference between a lateral and a terminal moraine, and heard from him that glacial action had carved out the Yosemite Valley, not an earthquake or an upheaval or a subsidence. In later years we learned that his views in this regard were early opposed by Professor Whitney, Clarence King and many others, but Mr. Muir\u27s opinions and conclusions are now not only universally accepted, but in addition it has long been conceded that he was the first to attribute the origin of Yosemite to glacial action. There was also discussion of literature and poetry with many quotations from the Bible, Shakespeare, Scott, Burns and the Classics, in all of which they were both thoroughly read. On another memorable trip to Lake Tahoe, on which it was impossible for me to go, Mr. Muir, my father, Bob Watson, a well-known Tahoe guide, and two of my brothers went to the summit of Mt. Tallac in mid-winter. In 1879 Mr.Muir, my father and I sailed on the old side-wheeler S.S. Dakota to Victoria and Puget Sound. After the trip down the Sound to Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia, we returned to Victoria. They went from there to Alaska, while my return to San Francisco to go to High School prevented me from going. I sailed home on the same steamer with Miss Emily Pelton, an old family friend of the Muirs. They went to Juneau, Sitka and later to the glacier, on which Mr. Muir spent much time then and later in studying and exploring, and which was thereafter known as the Muir Glacier. We later heard from him and my father about the wonders of this trip. Mr. Muir made a trip the following year to the same glacier. While we listened to his vivid description of this great glacier, we were particularly interested in his story of Stickeen, a little dog, which accompanied him on a perilous trip across this glacier in a storm, when both nearly lost their lives. If you have any love for dogs, or any desire to note John Muir\u27s wonderful powers of description, get and read this story of Stickeen . Dr. Bade, in his Life and Letters of John Muir , truly states that Stickeen became the subject of one of the noblest dog stories in English literature . You might well think they were caught in a storm. So they were, - but in this case, as in many other experiences in Mr. Muir\u27s life, he had deliberately chosen to go out and investigate and study Nature under storm conditions. He said that Many of nature\u27s finest lessons are to be found is her storms, and if careful to keep in right relations with them, we may go safely abroad in them, rejoicing in the grandeur and beauty of their works and ways . You need hardly be reminded of the startling description which I heard him relate, of a terrific windstorm in the Sierras, into which he deliberately went to see and learn the action of the wind on the trees and the forest, in what he described as one of the grandest storms he ever witnessed. While telling of this experience, and in writing about it, he minimized the personal danger from falling limbs and trees, as he walked through the forest, literally rejoicing in the manifestations of the storm king. He said that it would be a fine thing to climb a tree to get an extended outlook, and be close to what he described as the music of the topmost branches during the storm. He made his way to the upper branches of a Douglas spruce about 100 feet high, where he said he hung on for an hour or so, while the spruce bent and swayed in the storm. His description of this experience in his Mountains of California is thrilling, and the only experience of its kind, it is believed, in existence. This desire to see the forces of nature at work was shown again when he rushed from his cabin at 2 o\u27clock in the morning, both glad and frightened, as he expressed himself, to witness the effect of the earthquake of 1872, while thousands of tons of granite made their way, fiery from friction, to the floor of the Valley, from the Yosemite walls. Nothing relating to the formation ef the mountains, or their carving or sculpture, ever missed his bright blue eye. After a trip to the Mt. Whitney country in 1909, I told Mr. Muir of it. When he learned that we had been on the lower Kern, he told me the Kern lakes had been formed by a big landslide caused by the earthquake of 1872; that be had examined the ground subsequently, and there was no question that this was the origin of these lakes, When on many a tramp as reached some secluded and beautiful mountain meadow, where we had planned, to camp, and found that it had been overrun with sheep, Mr. Muir\u27s and my father\u27s disgust was unbounded. Mr. Muir always spoke of sheep as hoofed locusts , their owners as equivalent to outlaws and only one step worse than the human locusts , as he called the lumbermen, who cut timber and would have denuded the forests it had taken hundreds and thousands of years to bring to the maturity of the glorious forests of California and the West. He said that while Indians burned the brush to facilitate deer hunting, campers permitted fires to run and so did millmen, but the fires of sheepmen were responsible for ninety per cent of all destructive fires that sweep the woods. It always seamed to me Mr. Muir and my father were very temperate in their language in discussing these matters on which they felt so deeply. They never used damn , but the limit of their strong language was reached when they would refer to the confounded sheep and cattlemen and the ditto lumbermen, who, if they had their way, would have cut even Sequoias, in God\u27s temples in the Sierras, which should be preserved for posterity. It is well known that Mr. Muir aided materially in the formation of Yosamite National Park, first, and later the Sequoia National Park, by enlisting the interest and help of President Theodore Roosevelt and many other influential men in the East and the West. When, he decided in 1911 to take his long talked-of trip around the world, he called at my office and asked me to go with him to the bank to help his arrange for the expenses of his journey, I gladly went and told him the bank would give him a letter of credit for any amount he desired. He actually wondered if they would do it, although he had on deposit to my knowledge more than fifteen tines the amount of the letter of credit he wanted. As we walked along Montgomery Street and looked up at the office buildings, he referred to these sunless canyons and regretted that civilization and business seemed to make them necessary. He then gave me a lecture, as only he could give it, when he heard that I, one of his boys , was in favor of taking Hetch Hetehy for a San Franciso water supply. We discussed this at great length then and later, but neither ever changed his opinion on the matter. It was not that he objected to San Francisco having a Sierra, or even a Tuolumne, water supply, but that he contended that all the water required would be obtained from sources outside the Yosemite National Park. About a year later, in 1912, on a visit to Muir Woods, in Merin County, and while we were waiting for lunch to be ser

The relationship between chronic sleep restriction, poor sleep quality and obesity in adults

This thesis consists of two literature reviews followed by three empirical chapters that examined the relationship between chronic sleep restriction and obesity. Chapter 2 reviewed available research data and presented a theoretical model linking chronic sleep restriction to obesity. This model hypothesises that chronic sleep restriction contributes to obesity by altering energy regulatory hormones such as ghrelin and leptin. It was also argued that factors such as poor mental health, medication use and long work hours contribute to chronic sleep restriction at a population level, and could have implications for improving sleep. This model provides a sound theoretical framework, which was used to guide the subsequent empirical chapters. In chapter 3, the key methodological limitations of previous studies examining the relationship between chronic sleep restriction and obesity were outlined. Methodological recommendations for future research were then provided to facilitate a more complete understanding of how chronic sleep restriction and obesity are linked in the general population. Chapter 4 tested a path model linking chronic sleep restriction to obesity in 325 adults aged 18 to 87 years, based on the theoretical framework provided in chapter 2 and the methodological recommendations listed in chapter 3. The results indicated that short sleep durations and age were associated with obesity, whilst age, uncomfortable sleep environments, irregular sleep/wake cycles and poor mental health were associated with short sleep durations. However, the results also identified potential environmental, behavioural and psychological determinants of chronic sleep restriction that could be targeted in the future treatment and prevention of obesity. Chapter 5 examined the relationship between three dimensions of sleep quality as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and obesity in 262 adults aged 18 to 35 years. Short sleep durations and increased levels of daytime dysfunction (e.g., sleepiness) were associated with obesity, whilst irregular bedtimes, noisy environments, discomfort and depression were the major factors associated with poor sleep quality. These factors could play a role in obesity interventions that target sleeping patterns and need to be further investigated. Finally, chapter 6 examined the effects of two nights of seep restriction on energy expenditure and neuroendocrine hormones involved in energy balance regulation in ten healthy male adults. The results indicated that sleep restriction led to an increase in ghrelin and a reduction in PYY, which corresponded with increased hunger and reduced satiety. The results also suggested that energy expenditure declined with sleep restriction. These results suggest that sleep restriction could contribute to obesity by altering energy expenditure and the hormonal regulation of food intake. The findings from this thesis therefore suggest that chronic sleep restriction contributes to the development of obesity by altering key pathways identified in chapter 2. The identification of possible determinants of chronic sleep restriction has potential applications for the treatment and prevention of obesity. For example, the factors identified in chapters 4 and 5 could be targeted as a way to promote healthy sleep durations, and could be effective in improving the efficacy of existing interventions for obesity

Conceptual design study of a 1985 commercial STOL tilt rotor transport

Results of conceptual engineering design studies of a STOL tilt rotor commercial aircraft for the 1985 time frame are presented. The details of aircraft size, performance, flying qualities, noise, and cost are included. The savings in terms of fuel economy resulting from STOL operations compared with VTOL vehicles are determined