Характеристика экономических отношений на финансовом рынке Украины

Розглянуто проблеми, особливості функціонування та взаємодії учасників фінансового ринку України. Обґрунтовано наявність внутрішніх фінансових джерел формування ресурсного потенціалу вітчизняних банків, доведено їх пріоритетність для країни порівняно із зовнішніми джерелами. Окреслено причини, що зумовлюють дефіцит ресурсного потенціалу в банківській системі України. Ключові слова: заощадження, нагромадження, банки, економічне зростання, посередники, фінансовий ринок, ресурси, трансформація, інвестиційний потенціал.Рассмотрены проблемы, особенности функционирования и взаимодействия участников финансового рынка Украины. Обосновано наличие внутренних финансовых источников формирования ресурсного потенциала отечественных банков, доказана их приоритетность для страны по сравнению с внешними источниками. Очерчены причины, которые предопределяют дефицит ресурсного потенциала в банковской системе Украины. Ключевые слова: сбережения, накопления, банки, экономический рост, посредники, финансовый рынок, ресурсы, трансформация, инвестиционный потенциал.The present paper examines topical problems related to the specific aspects of economic relations in the financial market of Ukraine. The relevance and selection of the theme stem from the fact that financial market as a specific organization form of cash flows takes a leading place in the economic mechanism of market economy. Agents of this market are engaged in a whole range of complex economic relations which in their turn play a key role in securing a dynamic and sustainable economic growth of a country. Development of the financial market and creation of adequate flexible and adaptive economic relations between its players are critical for Ukraine. This is explained by specific aspects of the economic system formation and reforming, which are related to undergoing an intersystem transformation stage. The indicated circumstances predetermined the goal and objectives of the study pursued, which come to examination of economic relations in the financial market of Ukraine, identification of the interaction specificity of various financial intermediaries in the accumulation process of idle cash and its transformation into the investment capital of national economy. Based on the results of the analysis conducted, it is established that unlike countries with developed financial systems, where the majority of institutional participants of the capital market are proportionally developed, it is the banking sector that dominates in Ukraine and has a determinant role in financing the economic development of the state. The availability of domestic financial resources for forming the resource potential of banks is substantiated, and their priority versus external resources for Ukraine is proved. The comparison of gross savings and gross capital formation allowed identifying certain problems as to transformation of the former into investment resources in Ukraine. The paper outlines some causes of a poor resource potential of national banking institutions. Keywords: savings, accumulation, banks, economic growth, intermediaries, financial market, resources, transformation, investment potential

PKR is not obligatory for high-fat diet-induced obesity and its associated metabolic and inflammatory complications

Protein kinase R (PKR) has previously been suggested to mediate many of the deleterious consequences of a high-fat diet (HFD). However, previous studies have observed substantial phenotypic variability when examining the metabolic consequences of PKR deletion. Accordingly, herein, we have re-examined the role of PKR in the development of obesity and its associated metabolic complications in vivo as well as its putative lipid-sensing role in vitro. Here we show that the deletion of PKR does not affect HFD-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis or glucose metabolism, and only modestly affects adipose tissue inflammation. Treatment with the saturated fatty acid palmitate in vitro induced comparable levels of inflammation in WT and PKR KO macrophages, demonstrating that PKR is not necessary for the sensing of pro-inflammatory lipids. These results challenge the proposed role for PKR in obesity, its associated metabolic complications and its role in lipid-induced inflammation

Hydrophobic air pollutants removal at one second gas contact in a multi-channel capillary bioreactor

Producción CientíficaBiological processes are increasingly applied for gas purification as a sustainable and economical alternative to conventional physical-chemical processes (chemical absorption, incineration, adsorption). Although biological gas treatment is accepted as an economical, safe, and reliable air pollution control technology, it faces important limitations when applied for the treatment of poorly water-soluble compounds due to mass transfer limitations. A twenty-five capillary channels bioreactor was studied to characterize mass transfer coefficients and the removal of hydrophobic air pollutants under segmented gas-liquid flow pattern. The removal efficiency of hexane, toluene and α-pinene vapors reached values up to about 75%, 99% and 75%, respectively, at a gas contact time of less than 1 second, which is at least one, but closer to two orders of magnitude shorter than conventional biological gas purification systems. The bioreactor displayed stable operation for 100 days and was robust against common upsets, which opens the new opportunities for expanding the application field of biological processes for air pollution control and the mitigation of greenhouse gases in dilute air streams.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y Ministerio de Universidades [project RTI2018-0-096441-B-I00]Junta de Castilla y León - EU-FEDER [grant number CLU 2017-09 y CL-EI-2021-07

Brief of Corporate Law Professors as Amici Curie in Support of Respondents

The Supreme Court has looked to the rights of corporate shareholders in determining the rights of union members and non-members to control political spending, and vice versa. The Court sometimes assumes that if shareholders disapprove of corporate political expression, they can easily sell their shares or exercise control over corporate spending. This assumption is mistaken. Because of how capital is saved and invested, most individual shareholders cannot obtain full information about corporate political activities, even after the fact, nor can they prevent their savings from being used to speak in ways with which they disagree. Individual shareholders have no “opt out” rights or practical ability to avoid subsidizing corporate political expression with which they disagree. Nor do individuals have the practical option to refrain from putting their savings into equity investments, as doing so would impose damaging economic penalties and ignore conventional financial guidance for individual investors

Viral metagenomic sequencing in a cohort of international travellers returning with febrile illness

Background: Diagnosis of infections in returning international travellers can be challenging because of the broad spectrum of potential infectious etiologies potentially involved. Viral metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has the potential to detect any virus present in a patient sample and is increasingly being used for difficult to diagnose cases. The aim of this study was to analyze the performance of mNGS for viral pathogen detection in the clinical setting of international travellers returning with febrile illness. Methods: Thirty-eight serum samples from international travellers returning with febrile illness and presenting at the outpatient clinic of the Leiden University Medical Center in the Netherlands in the time period 2015-2016 were selected retrospectively. Samples were processed for viral metagenomic sequencing using a probe panel capturing all known vertebrate viruses. Bioinformatic analysis was performed using Genome Detective software for metagenomic virus detection. Metagenomic virus findings were compared with viral pathogen detection using conventional methods. Results: In 8 out of the 38 patients (21%), a pathogenic virus was detected by mNGS. All viral pathogens detected by conventional assays were also detected by mNGS: dengue virus (n=4 patients), Epstein-Barr virus (n=2), hepatitis B virus (n=1). In addition, mNGS resulted in additional pathogenic findings in 2 patients (5%): dengue virus (n=1), and hepatitis C virus (n=1). Non-pathogenic viruses detected were: GB virus C (n=1) and torque teno viruses (n=3). High genome coverage and depth using capture probes enabled typing of the dengue viruses detected. Conclusions: Viral metagenomics has the potential to assist the detection of viral pathogens and co-infections in one step in international travellers with a febrile syndrome. Furthermore, viral enrichment by probes resulted in high genome coverage and depth which enabled dengue virus typing.Molecular basis of virus replication, viral pathogenesis and antiviral strategie

Hepatic FoxOs link insulin signaling with plasma lipoprotein metabolism through an apolipoprotein M/sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway

Multiple beneficial cardiovascular effects of HDL depend on sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P associates with HDL by binding to apolipoprotein M (ApoM). Insulin resistance is a major driver of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk. However, the mechanisms linking alterations in insulin signaling with plasma lipoprotein metabolism are incompletely understood. The insulin-repressible FoxO transcription factors mediate key effects of hepatic insulin action on glucose and lipoprotein metabolism. This work tested whether hepatic insulin signaling regulates HDL-S1P and aimed to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. We report that insulin-resistant, nondiabetic individuals had decreased HDL-S1P levels, but no change in total plasma S1P. This also occurred in insulin-resistant db/db mice, which had low ApoM and a specific reduction of S1P in the HDL fraction, with no change in total plasma S1P levels. Using mice lacking hepatic FoxOs (L-FoxO1,3,4), we found that hepatic FoxOs were required for ApoM expression. Total plasma S1P levels were similar to those in controls, but S1P was nearly absent from HDL and was instead increased in the lipoprotein-depleted plasma fraction. This phenotype was restored to normal by rescuing ApoM in L-FoxO1,3,4 mice. Our findings show that insulin resistance in humans and mice is associated with decreased HDL-associated S1P. Our study shows that hepatic FoxO transcription factors are regulators of the ApoM/S1P pathway

Ernst Freund as Precursor of the Rational Study of Corporate Law

Gindis, David, Ernst Freund as Precursor of the Rational Study of Corporate Law (October 27, 2017). Journal of Institutional Economics, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2905547, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2905547The rise of large business corporations in the late 19th century compelled many American observers to admit that the nature of the corporation had yet to be understood. Published in this context, Ernst Freund's little-known The Legal Nature of Corporations (1897) was an original attempt to come to terms with a new legal and economic reality. But it can also be described, to paraphrase Oliver Wendell Holmes, as the earliest example of the rational study of corporate law. The paper shows that Freund had the intuitions of an institutional economist, and engaged in what today would be called comparative institutional analysis. Remarkably, his argument that the corporate form secures property against insider defection and against outsiders anticipated recent work on entity shielding and capital lock-in, and can be read as an early contribution to what today would be called the theory of the firm.Peer reviewe

Distinct evolution of colistin resistance associated with experimental resistance evolution models in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Pharmacolog

Supreme Court Amicus Brief of 19 Corporate Law Professors, Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association, No. 14-915

The Supreme Court has looked to the rights of corporate shareholders in determining the rights of union members and non-members to control political spending, and vice versa. The Court sometimes assumes that if shareholders disapprove of corporate political expression, they can easily sell their shares or exercise control over corporate spending. This assumption is mistaken. Because of how capital is saved and invested, most individual shareholders cannot obtain full information about corporate political activities, even after the fact, nor can they prevent their savings from being used to speak in ways with which they disagree. Individual shareholders have no “opt out” rights or practical ability to avoid subsidizing corporate political expression with which they disagree. Nor do individuals have the practical option to refrain from putting their savings into equity investments, as doing so would impose damaging economic penalties and ignore conventional financial guidance for individual investors