Latitudinal clines in gene expression and cis\textit{cis}-regulatory element variation in Drosophila melanogaster\textit{Drosophila melanogaster}

$\textbf{BACKGROUND}$: Organisms can rapidly adapt to their environment when colonizing a new habitat, and this could occur by changing protein sequences or by altering patterns of gene expression. The importance of gene expression in driving local adaptation is increasingly being appreciated, and $\textit{cis}$-regulatory elements (CREs), which control and modify the expression of the nearby genes, are predicted to play an important role. Here we investigate genetic variation in gene expression in immune-challenged $\textit{Drosophila melanogaster}$ from temperate and tropical or sub-tropical populations in Australia and United States. $\textbf{RESULTS}$: We find parallel latitudinal changes in gene expression, with genes involved in immunity, insecticide resistance, reproduction, and the response to the environment being especially likely to differ between latitudes. By measuring allele-specific gene expression (ASE), we show that $\textit{cis}$-regulatory variation also shows parallel latitudinal differences between the two continents and contributes to the latitudinal differences in gene expression. $\textbf{CONCLUSIONS}$: Both Australia and United States were relatively recently colonized by$\textit{ D. melanogaster}$, and it was recently shown that introductions of both African and European flies occurred, with African genotypes contributing disproportionately to tropical populations. Therefore, both the demographic history of the populations and local adaptation may be causing the patterns that we see.This work was funded by European Research Council grant DrosophilaInfection 281668 and the Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/L004232/1

Clinical outcome of platelet rich plasma versus steroid in treatment of frozen shoulder

Background: Evaluate functional outcome of use of platelet rich plasma versus steroid in frozen shoulder.Methods: The study was conducted in Department of Orthopaedics in RNT Medical College, Udaipur. Adult patients with periarthritis shoulder (frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis) admitted to Trauma centre in Maharana Bhupal Government hospital attached with R.N.T. Medical College, Udaipur were included in this study after obtaining their informed, valid written consent. This is a prospective study from October 2018 to February 2020.Results: Our study demonstrated that PRP is not inferior to CS in any of the measured parameters. Both of the groups experienced similar benefits from the injection therapies with no statistical differences detected in ROM or VAS scores at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. No adverse effects were detected in either of the two groups.Conclusions: We can conclude that both PRP and MPS showed efficacy on treating frozen shoulder. The current study provides strong evidence in support of a statistically significant effect of platelet concentrates in the treatment of frozen shoulder in vivo where steroid contraindicated or refused by patient. However, inj. Methylprednisolone has sudden onset of action because of anti-inflammatory action with respect to inj. PRP, so has better result at 1 week follow up post injection. But in long term (at 3 months follow up) inj. PRP has better effect in compared to Inj. MPS

Classification of fibroglandular tissue distribution in the breast based on radiotherapy planning CT

Accurate segmentation of breast tissues is required for a number of applications such as model based deformable registration in breast radiotherapy. The accuracy of breast tissue segmentation is affected by the spatial distribution (or pattern) of fibroglandular tissue (FT). The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate texture features, determined from planning computed tomography (CT) data, to classify the spatial distribution of FT in the breas

Our experience of the management of severe bone defects in primary total knee arthroplasty with cement and screws with undersizing of tibia

Background: There are several options for dealing with tibial bone defects during total knee arthroplasty in severe primary osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to report the midterm results of TKA with screw and cement augmentation of moderate-sized tibial bone defects.Methods: Patients with osteoarthritis who had posterior stabilised TKA with screw and cement augmentation of the tibia were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were assessed preoperatively and at follow-up using the International knee society knee score and function score, and radiographic analysis of alignment and signs of loosening.Results: 60 knee in 60 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 71 years; mean follow-up was 58 months. KS improved from 46 to 76 and FS from 51 to 92. The femorotibial mechanical angle changed from 174 to 178. There were no signs of osteolysis or loosening, and no revisions. Radiolucent lines at the cement bone interface were common but non- progressive.Conclusions: Midterm clinical and radiographic results of TKA with screw and cement augmentation for moderate tibial defects were satisfactory

Comparative study between intramedullary interlocking nailing and minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis for distal tibia extra-articular fractures

Background: Treatment of distal tibia fractures poses significant challenge to orthopedic surgeon because of poor blood supply and paucity of soft tissue coverage. There is considerable controversy regarding the superior option of treatment for distal tibia fracture between the minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) technique and intramedullary interlocking (IMIL) nailing for extra-articular distal tibia fractures. The aim of our study is to compare the functional outcome between the two treatment methods.Methods: This was the prospective comparative study of 50 patients with distal third tibia fractures divided into two groups. First group of patients were treated with MIPPO technique while second group of patients were managed by IMIL nailing. Patients were followed up in outpatient department to assess the functional outcomes, malunion, delayed union, non-union, superficial and deep infection between the two groups.Results: Average time taken by patients for full weight bearing in group A was 17.6 weeks as compared to 16.7 weeks in group B. All patients were able to bear weight prior to complete union of fracture. By the process of weight bearing, we believed that it would promote secondary bone healing. On taking X-rays during follow up of included patients starting of radiological union was observed carefully by looking for bridging callus, haziness of fracture line. Appearance of callus was taken average time of 12.5 weeks in group A and 12.1 weeks in group B.Conclusions: Both procedures have shown the reliable method of fixation for distal extra-articular tibia fractures preserving the soft tissue, bony vascularity and fracture hematoma that provide a favourable biological environment for fracture healing. Considering the results of the study, we have slightly more preference for the MIPPO technique

Detection of NPM1 exon 12 mutations and FLT3 – internal tandem duplications by high resolution melting analysis in normal karyotype acute myeloid leukemia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Molecular characterisation of normal karyotype acute myeloid leukemia (NK-AML) allows prognostic stratification and potentially can alter treatment choices and pathways. Approximately 45–60% of patients with NK-AML carry <it>NPM1 </it>gene mutations and are associated with a favourable clinical outcome when <it>FLT3</it>-internal tandem duplications (ITD) are absent. High resolution melting (HRM) is a novel screening method that enables rapid identification of mutation positive DNA samples.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We developed HRM assays to detect <it>NPM1 </it>mutations and <it>FLT3</it>-ITD and tested diagnostic samples from 44 NK-AML patients. Eight were <it>NPM1 </it>mutation positive only, 4 were both <it>NPM1 </it>mutation and <it>FLT3</it>-ITD positive and 4 were <it>FLT3</it>-ITD positive only. A novel point mutation Y572C (c.1715A>G) in exon 14 of <it>FLT3 </it>was also detected. In the group with <it>de novo </it>NK-AML, 40% (12/29) were <it>NPM1 </it>mutation positive whereas <it>NPM1 </it>mutations were observed in 20% (3/15) of secondary NK-AML cases. Sequencing was performed and demonstrated 100% concordance with the HRM results.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>HRM is a rapid and efficient method of screening NK-AML samples for both novel and known <it>NPM1 </it>and <it>FLT3 </it>mutations. <it>NPM1 </it>mutations can be observed in both primary and secondary NK-AML cases.</p