Tertiary alkalic igneous activity, potassic fenitization, carbonatitic magmatism, and hydrothermal activity in the central and southeastern Bear Lodge Mountains, Crook County, Wyoming

The Bear Lodge Mountains are located in Crook County in north eastern Wyoming. The core of the uplift consists of alkalic igneous rocks that range from Early to Late Eocene in age. A petrologic and geochemical study of surface and subsurface samples from the southeastern and central portions of the core reveals a complex history of multiple alkalic igneous events, potassic metasomatism, carbonatitic magmatism, and hydrothermal alteration. An early episode of alkalic igneous activity is represented by latite and trachyte porphyries, phonolite and trachyte porphyries, and natrolite-garnet syenites and malignites. Throughout much of the complex, the composition of these older alkalic intrusions has been changed by the metasomatic development of potassium feldspar. This process, termed potassic fenitization, occurred prior to emplacement of carbonatitic dikes and veins. It appears to have involved a volatile rich aqueous fluid that contained potassium, iron, sulfur, carbon dioxide, and fluorine. Rocks associated with potassic fenitization contain significant deposits of copper, lead, zinc, thorium, cerium, lanthanum, and gold. Two types of carbonatites may be distinguished in the Bear Lodge Mountains, I-type and S-type. I-type carbonatites occur in the central portions of the core and are enriched in strontium, cerium, and lanthanum. The isotopic compositions of carbon and oxygen in calcites from I-type carbonatites indicate a mantle source for carbon dioxide. S-type carbonatites occur in the southeastern portions of the core and have lower concentrations of strontium, cerium, and lanthanum. It is postulated that I-type carbonatites resulted from differentiation of an alkali-rich parent magma, while S-type carbonatites formed by local fusion of Paleozoic sedimentary limestone. Significant deposits of thorium, cerium, lanthanum, copper, lead, and zinc are associated with I-type carbonatites. Hydrothermal alteration accompanied the episode of early igneous activity and continued through the intrusion of I-type carbonatites. The alteration is especially pervasive in the central portions of the core where it typically extends to depths of several tens of meters in the subsurface. Sodalite-bearing and hauyne-bearing analcime phonolite porphyries crosscut hydrothermally altered rocks and represent the last igneous activity in the region. The igneous rocks of the Bear Lodge Mountains were probably derived from an alkalic parent magma that formed by partial melting of upper mantle material enriched in potassium, rubidium, iron, titanium, cerium, lanthanum, fluorine, carbon dioxide, and water. Fractional crystallization in a crustal resovoir generated latitic, trachytic, and phonolitic differentiates, while immiscible separation resulted in the formation of an alkali-rich carbonatitic magma. Loss of alkalis accompanied the ascent of the carbonatitic magma from the resovoir, resulting in the potassium-rich fluids responsible for fenitization

Geomorphic and Hydrologic Controls on Tidal Prism and Inlet Cross Sectional Area for Chesapeake Bay Lagoons

Previous studies have defined a power function between tidal prism and inlet cross sectional area for many lagoon systems. The goals of this study are to first, determine underlying processes that generate the area-prism relationship and then, examine whether the area-prism relationship extends to the small lagoons of Chesapeake Bay. Geomorphic data were measured, compiled and compared for Chesapeake Bay lagoons, Chesapeake Bay regional tidal marshes, and New South Wales, Australia lagoons and creeks. These data generated two inter-regional emergent relationships: 1) An area-prism relationship that included Chesapeake Bay data and 2) A relationship between lagoon surface area and drainage basin area. Examination of Chesapeake Bay data suggests that lagoon water surface area, tidal prism, and inlet geometry are primarily determined by streamflow. Results also indicate that Chesapeake Bay lagoon inlet geometry is modified over time by wave processes, which generates two alternate states for inlet characteristics

Multicultural Novels and Activities: An English and Language Arts Curriculum for Middle and High School Students in the Yakima Valley

Research in the area of education concludes that both white and underserved populations benefit from the use of multicultural education. The curriculum provided in this project is founded on the research findings of educational specialists who outline these benefits. The use of multicultural education as a way to connect students to the curriculum is crucial in providing all students with an equal opportunity to learn. The Yakima Valley in Washington State is home to a number of Hispanic and Native American students who reflect a lack of academic achievement on standardized tests that assess literacy. Theories and strategies for teaching these populations were studied and the activities and novels included in this curriculum reflect the needs and interests of these populations

The Study of Protein–DNA Interactions in CD4+ T-Cells Using ChIPmentation

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) is an invaluable method to profile of enrichment of histone modifications and transcription factor binding sites across the genome. However, standard ChIP-seq protocols require large numbers of cells (>10^7) as starting material, which are often impossible to obtain for rare immune populations. Here we describe a streamlined ChIP protocol optimised for small cell numbers in conjunction with transposon-tagging mediated sequencing library preparation (ChIPmentation) which allows the analysis of samples of as low as 10^5 cells

Cumulate causes for the low contents of sulfide-loving elements in the continental crust

Despite the economic importance of chalcophile (sulfide-loving) and siderophile (metal-loving) elements (CSEs), it is unclear how they become enriched or depleted in the continental crust, compared with the oceanic crust. This is due in part to our limited understanding of the partitioning behaviour of the CSEs. Here I compile compositional data for mid-ocean ridge basalts and subduction-related volcanic rocks. I show that the mantle-derived melts that contribute to oceanic and continental crust formation rarely avoid sulfide saturation during cooling in the crust and, on average, subduction-zone magmas fractionate sulfide at the base of the continental crust prior to ascent. Differentiation of mantle-derived melts enriches lower crustal sulfide- and silicate-bearing cumulates in some CSEs compared with the upper crust. This storage predisposes the cumulate-hosted compatible CSEs (such as Cu and Au) to be recycled back into the mantle during subduction and delamination, resulting in their low contents in the bulk continental crust and potentially contributing to the scarcity of ore deposits in the upper continental crust. By contrast, differentiation causes the upper oceanic and continental crust to become enriched in incompatible CSEs (such as W) compared with the lower oceanic and continental crust. Consequently, incompatible CSEs are predisposed to become enriched in subduction-zone magmas that contribute to continental crust formation and are less susceptible to removal from the continental crust via delamination compared with the compatible CSEs

An exploration of applied psychologists’ experience of working with female refugees or asylum seekers that have experienced sexual violence

There appear to be specific issues that psychologists need to consider when working with female refugees and asylum seekers that have experienced sexual violence. These include ethical, theoretical and practical concerns regarding psychological models and approaches, dilemmas regarding professional, personal and political stances, as well as challenges encountered when working with refugees and/or survivors of sexual violence in general. Research regarding applied psychologists‟ experience of working with this client group is limited, but it is important in order for them, and the services they work in, to meet the needs of this vulnerable group. Hence, eight applied psychologists were interviewed and transcripts analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. The analysis resulted in the formation of four super-ordinate themes: 1) Impact of the work, 2) Personal and professional identity, 3) Struggles with the tools of the trade and 4) Holding on to a „both/and‟ view. Implications of the findings concerned four areas: 1). politics and ideology of the profession, 2). psychological models and approaches, 3). support and supervision for professionals, and 4). increasing service user involvement in clinical practice, service development and research

Terguride stimulates locomotor activity at 2 months but not 10 months after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment of common marmosets

The mixed dopamine (DA) agonist/antagonist terguride acts as a DA antagonist on normosensitive receptors but shows DA agonistic properties at supersensitive DA receptors. Such a compound could offer an alternative to the treatment of Parkinson's disease with indirect or direct DA agonists. The present study compares the actions of terguride, 4-12 mg/kg i.p., in naive common marmosets with its effects in animals rendered parkinsonian by administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 2 months or 10 months previously, in order to test its antiparkinsonian efficacy. Terguride reduced locomotor activity in naive common marmosets, similar to its effects in rodents and in line with the DA antagonistic activity of the compound. In marmosets treated with MPTP 2 months previously and exhibiting pronounced behavioural motor deficits, terguride stimulated locomotor activity, showing DA agonistic properties under these conditions. In contrast, the locomotor activity of animals that had recovered from MPTP treatment 10 months previously was not altered by terguride. It is concluded that terguride has anti-akinetic efficacy in this primate model of Parkinson's disease. In addition, terguride offers a unique opportunity to differentiate, pharmacologically, the extent of dopaminergic recovery from MPTP treatment in this primate species

Act of Altruism in Nicola Davies’ Whale Boy

Eco-consciousness deals with the concern of human beings towards nature. Nature protects humans in all aspects unless they harm them. This act of selflessness is referred to as “altruism” in literature. Altruism is the literary term describing humanity or kindness. The kind behaviour of nature is characterised as a non-profitable aid to humans. There won't be any expectations, yet kindness will be expressed in a natural way. According to ethology, altruistic behaviour can be found in humans and animals. It is merely distinguished as a kinship between the two different groups. The novel Whale Boy deals with the behavioural attitudes of a whale and a boy. Nicola Davies, an English zoologist and author, described the kind behaviour of a wild creature towards humans. The novel centers on Michael Fontaine, a young boy who wants to go whale-watching and fishing in the deep ocean off the coast of his island. Nicola Davis focuses on marine wildlife and the issue of whaling and conservation. This article relates to the relationship between Michael and the whale. Thus, through the act of altruism, the article attempts to reflect the kinship between whales and humans

Engineering the future with America's high school students

The number of students enrolled in engineering is declining while the need for engineers is increasing. One contributing factor is that most high school students have little or no knowledge about what engineering is, or what engineers do. To teach young students about engineering, engineers need good tools. This paper presents a course of study developed and used by the authors in a junior college course for high school students. Students learned about engineering through independent student projects, in-class problem solving, and use of career information resources. Selected activities from the course can be adapted to teach students about engineering in other settings. Among the most successful techniques were the student research paper assignments, working out a solution to an engineering problem as a class exercise, and the use of technical materials to illustrate engineering concepts and demonstrate 'tools of the trade'

Geodynamic implications for zonal and meridional isotopic patterns across the northern Lau and North Fiji Basins

We present new Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-He isotopic data for sixty-five volcanic samples from the northern Lau and North Fiji Basin. This includes forty-seven lavas obtained from forty dredge sites spanning an east-west transect across the Lau and North Fiji basins, ten ocean island basalt (OIB)-type lavas collected from seven Fijian islands, and eight OIB lavas sampled on Rotuma. For the first time we are able to map clear north-south and east-west geochemical gradients in 87Sr/86Sr across the northern Lau and North Fiji Basins: lavas with the most geochemically enriched radiogenic isotopic signatures are located in the northeast Lau Basin, while signatures of geochemical enrichment are diminished to the south and west away from the Samoan hotspot. Based on these geochemical patterns and plate reconstructions of the region, these observations are best explained by the addition of Samoa, Rurutu, and Rarotonga hotspot material over the past 4 Ma. We suggest that underplated Samoan material has been advected into the Lau Basin over the past ∼4 Ma. As the slab migrated west (and toward the Samoan plume) via rollback over time, younger and hotter (and therefore less viscous) underplated Samoan plume material was entrained. Thus, entrainment efficiency of underplated plume material was enhanced, and Samoan plume signatures in the Lau Basin became stronger as the trench approached the Samoan hotspot. The addition of subducted volcanoes to the Cook-Austral Volcanic Lineament material, first from the Rarotonga hotspot, then followed by the Rurutu hotspot, contributes to the extreme geochemical signatures observed in the northeast Lau Basin