Enzymatic oligomerization and polymerization of arylamines: state of the art and perspectives

The literature concerning the oxidative oligomerization and polymerization of various arylamines, e.g., aniline, substituted anilines, aminonaphthalene and its derivatives, catalyzed by oxidoreductases, such as laccases and peroxidases, in aqueous, organic, and mixed aqueous organic monophasic or biphasic media, is reviewed. An overview of template-free as well as template-assisted enzymatic syntheses of oligomers and polymers of arylamines is given. Special attention is paid to mechanistic aspects of these biocatalytic processes. Because of the nontoxicity of oxidoreductases and their high catalytic efficiency, as well as high selectivity of enzymatic oligomerizations/polymerizations under mild conditions-using mainly water as a solvent and often resulting in minimal byproduct formation-enzymatic oligomerizations and polymerizations of arylamines are environmentally friendly and significantly contribute to a "green'' chemistry of conducting and redox-active oligomers and polymers. Current and potential future applications of enzymatic polymerization processes and enzymatically synthesized oligo/polyarylamines are discussed

Shoot apical meristem structure and STM expression in has mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana

Wild-type and the handshake (has) mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana were analyzed. Compared to the wild-type, has mutants display a number of morphological alterations, which can largely be traced back to altered meristem function. Analyses of apical meristem of mutant plants showed that mutation affected meristem structure and patterns of STM expression.nul

Shoot apical meristem structure and STM expression in has mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana

Wild-type and the handshake (has) mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana were analyzed. Compared to the wild-type, has mutants display a number of morphological alterations, which can largely be traced back to altered meristem function. Analyses of apical meristem of mutant plants showed that mutation affected meristem structure and patterns of STM expression.nul

Effect of plant growth regulators on leaf anatomyof the has mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana

In this study, the effect of plant growth regulators on leaf morphogenesis of the recessive T-DNA insertion mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana was analyzed. The morpho-anatomical analysis revealed that leaves of the has mutant are small and narrow, with lobed blades and disrupted tissue organization. When has plants were grown on the medium supplied with plant growth regulators: benzylaminopurine (BAP) or ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the leaf anatomy was partially restored to the wild type, although plants still exhibited morphological abnormalities.Serbian Ministry of Science [143026B

In situ detection of programmed cell death in Nicotiana tabacum leaves during senescence

Leaf senescence is a highly regulated developmental process, during which cell constituents are dismantled in an ordered progression. The final death phase of senescence is a type of programmed cell death (PCD). We showed DNA fragmentation characteristic for PCD by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay not only in senescing leaves but also in young, still developing tobacco leaves.nul

Morpho-anatomical characterization of Tuber macrosporum/Corylus avellana mycorrhizas from cultivated seedlings: Case report

This study investigated the presence of mycorrhizae on seedlings from part of ten-year-old truffles plantation (about 3,000 m2) located in Eastern Serbia. This study is observation of the presence of ectomycorrhizal fungus from genus Tuber during its symbiotic stage on the roots of Corylus avellana L. Ten root samples were collected (randomly) and observed macroscopically and microscopically analyzed. There were changes in morphology and anatomy of the infected roots of C. avellana. Mantle was clearly observed to cover the roots and the mycelia formed the Harting net. Among arbitrary selected seedlings, there were found mature fruiting bodies on the surface of the soil. The truffles, identified as Tuber macrosporum Vittad, were found in the immediate vicinity of the hazelnut trees. There has been no previous information of mycorrhizae Tuber macrosporum/Corylus avellana on artificially created truffles plantation in Serbia. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 173032 and Grant no. 173015

Effect of plant growth regulators on leaf anatomyof the has mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana

In this study, the effect of plant growth regulators on leaf morphogenesis of the recessive T-DNA insertion mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana was analyzed. The morpho-anatomical analysis revealed that leaves of the has mutant are small and narrow, with lobed blades and disrupted tissue organization. When has plants were grown on the medium supplied with plant growth regulators: benzylaminopurine (BAP) or ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the leaf anatomy was partially restored to the wild type, although plants still exhibited morphological abnormalities.Serbian Ministry of Science [143026B

Changes in antioxidative enzymes activities during Tacitus bellus direct shoot organogenesis

Changes in antioxidative enzymes activities during Tacitus bellus direct shoot organogenesis from leaf explants were examined. During the early stages of shoot organogenesis there was a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and an increase in catalase (CAT) activity, and later during organogenesis there was an increase in peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. Two highly regulated turning points may be distinguished regarding activities and isoforms of antioxidative enzymes: the initiation of shoot organogenesis and the shoot bud formation. Our data suggest the role of specific CAT, POD, SOD and PPO isoforms in separate processes during T. bellus direct shoot organogenesis.Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia [173017, 173015