Ase- ja ampumatarviketeollisuuden liikekannallepano Saksassa maailmansodan alussa.

Johdannossa kuvataan miten Saksa 1914 alkaen saarrettiin kaupallisesti, joka melko nopeasti tyrehdytti melkein kaiken Saksaan tapahtuvan tuonnin. "Sodan puhkeaminen pakotti saksalaiset ryhtymään tarmokkaisiin ja kiireellisiin toimenpiteisiin; rauhassa suoritetun suunnittelutyön sijaan heidän oli nyt nopeasti pantava käyntiin laaja teollisuuskoneisto..." Luvussa esitellään raaka-aineiden hankinnan järjestelyjä, korvikkeiden käyttöä ja työvoiman hankintaa. Aseiden ja ampumatarvikkeiden valmistusta käsittelevässä luvussa tarkastellaan aseiden (kiväärit, konekiväärit, tykistö) täydennystä. Ampumatarvikkeiden täydennystoimenpiteet eri vaiheineen esitellään seuraavassa luvussa. Artikkelin lopun tarkastelussa tuodaan esille, mitä opittavaa Saksan järjestelyistä ja niiden toteutumisesta olisi omia järjestelyjämme varten

Could continuous cover forestry be an economically and environmentally feasible management option on drained boreal peatlands?

Environmental and economic performance of forestry on drained peatlands was reviewed to consider whether continuous cover forestry (CCF) could be a feasible alternative to even-aged management (EM). CCF was regarded feasible particularly because continuously maintaining a tree stand with significant transpiration and interception capacity would decrease the need for ditch network maintenance. Managing CCF forests in such a way that the ground water levels are lower than in clear-cut EM forests but higher than in mature EM forests could decrease greenhouse gas emissions and negative water quality impacts caused both by anoxic redox reactions and oxidation and mineralization of deep peat layers. Regeneration studies indicated potential for satisfactory natural regeneration under CCF on drained peatlands. An economic advantage in CCF over EM is that fewer investments are needed to establish the forest stand and sustain its growth. Thus, even if the growth of trees in CCF forests were lower than in EM forests, CCF could at least in some peatland sites turn out to be a more profitable forest management regime. An advantage of CCF from the viewpoint of socially optimal forest management is that it plausibly reduces the negative externalities of management compared to EM. We propose that future research in drained peatland forests should focus on assessing the economic and environmental feasibility of CCF.Peer reviewe

Ex-post Performance Implications of Divergence of Managers’ Perceptions of ‘Distance’ From ‘Reality’ in International Business

Despite much research on “distance”, little attention has been paid to the effect of divergence of managers’ perceptions of distance from reality (i.e. distance divergence) and its implications for firm performance. This knowledge is highly important since managerial perceptions of the firm’s environment do not always coincide with the actual environmental characteristics. Consequently, strategies based on inaccurate data may result in erroneous forecasts, missed opportunities and business failure. Using survey data from senior managers of Swedish exporters and corresponding objective data, this study is a first attempt to explore the ex-post performance implications of “distance divergence” when expanding into foreign markets. Our results demonstrate that the larger the divergence between managers’ perceptions of cultural distance and corresponding “objective” distance, the lower the performance expressed in companies’ sales. However, over/underestimation of cultural distance does not have differential effects on firm performance.“Stiftelsen Olle Hakelius Stipendiefond”, Grant no: 1165001