Living up to the past? Ideological sensemaking in organizational transition

publication-status: Acceptedtypes: ArticleAuthor's postprint version.This article builds upon archival and oral history research on organizational change at Procter & Gamble (P&G) from 1930 to 2000, focusing on periods of transition. It examines historical narrative as a vehicle for ideological sensemaking by top managers. Our empirical analysis sheds light on continuities in the narratives they offer, through which the past emerges as a recurrent lever of strategic manoeuvres and re-orientations. This reveals that while organizational history is sometimes regarded as a strategic asset or intrinsic part of collective memory, it is also re-enacted as a shared heritage, implying responsibilities. Executives (re)interpret the past and author the future, maintaining the historical narrative while using interpellation to ensure ideological consistency over time. The interpellative power of rhetorical narrative helps to recast organizational members as participants in an ongoing drama. In this way executives claim their legitimate right to initiate and manage organizational transition

Collisional cross sections and momentum distributions in astrophysical plasmas: dynamics and statistical mechanics link

We show that, in stellar core plasmas, the one-body momentum distribution function is strongly dependent, at least in the high velocity regime, on the microscopic dynamics of ion elastic collisions and therefore on the effective collisional cross sections, if a random force field is present. We take into account two cross sections describing ion-dipole and ion-ion screened interactions. Furthermore we introduce a third unusual cross section, to link statistical distributions and a quantum effect originated by the energy-momentum uncertainty owing to many-body collisions, and propose a possible physical interpretation in terms of a tidal-like force. We show that each collisional cross section gives rise to a slight peculiar correction on the Maxwellian momentum distribution function in a well defined velocity interval. We also find a possible link between microscopical dynamics of ions and statistical mechanics interpreting our results in the framework of non-extensive statistical mechanics.Comment: 8 page

Исследование методов государственного регулирования цен и издержек системы здравоохранения на лекарственные препараты в Великобритании

Objective: analysis of state regulation of prices and costs for the purchase of medicines (drugs) in the United Kingdom (UK), and proposal development to improve the processes of state regulation of manufacturers’ marginal registered prices of medicines included in the list of vital and essential drugs approved in the Russian Federation.Material and methods. Analysis of the structure of state regulation of prices and costs for the procurement of drugs was carried out based on information contained in the regulatory legal documents of the UK Government, health services and technical regulation, and data provided in systematic reviews and articles.Results. A key feature of regulation in the UK is maximizing the efficiency of health care costs based on the principles of digitization, long-term planning and health technology assessment in pricing. Government regulation of costs is focused on the patent-protected drug segment. Providers of such medicines fall under the Voluntary or Statutory Scheme and are required to make payments in the form of a fixed percentage of sales to the Department of Health and Social Care. Certain drug segments are exempt from payments to stimulate innovative development of the pharmaceutical industry and accelerate market access for new therapies. As practice shows, the Voluntary Scheme is more profitable for most companies. Regulation in the segment of reproduced drugs is carried out by free-market mechanisms and the antimonopoly service.Conclusion. The analysis revealed the mechanisms and key features of the methods of state regulation of prices and costs of the health care system for the procurement of drugs, identified best practices that are promising for adaptation to improve the state regulation of prices in the Russian Federation. Цель: анализ государственного регулирования цен и издержек на закупку лекарственных препаратов (ЛП) в Великобритании, а также разработка предложений по совершенствованию процессов государственного регулирования предельных зарегистрированных цен производителей на препараты, включенные в перечень жизненно необходимых и важнейших ЛП, утвержденный в Российской Федерации.Материал и методы. Анализ структуры государственного регулирования цен и издержек на закупку ЛП проведен на основании сведений, содержащихся в нормативных правовых документах Правительства Великобритании, служб здравоохранения и технического регулирования, а также информации, представленной в систематических обзорах и статьях.Результаты. Ключевой особенностью регулирования в Великобритании является максимизация эффективности издержек здравоохранения на основе принципов цифровизации, долгосрочного планирования и оценки технологий здравоохранения при ценообразовании. Государственное регулирование издержек сконцентрировано на сегменте ЛП, находящихся под патентной защитой. Поставщики таких препаратов подпадают под действие Добровольной или Принудительной схемы доступа на рынок и обязаны осуществлять платежи в виде фиксированного процента продаж в пользу Департамента здравоохранения и социального обеспечения. Отдельные сегменты лекарств освобождены от платежей с целью стимулирования инновационного развития фармацевтической отрасли и ускорения доступа на рынок новых видов терапии. Как показывает практика, Добровольная схема выгоднее для большинства компаний. Регулирование в сегменте воспроизведенных ЛП осуществляется механизмами свободного рынка и антимонопольной службой.Заключение. В результате анализа выявлены механизмы и ключевые особенности методов государственного регулирования цен и издержек системы здравоохранения на закупку ЛП, определены лучшие практики, перспективные для адаптации с целью совершенствования подходов государственного регулирования цен в Российской Федерации

Обзор методик расчета, процедуры регистрации и перерегистрации цен производителей лекарственных препаратов в странах Евразийского экономического союза

Aim. To analyze the methods of the state regulation of prices for the manufacturers of pharmaceutical drugs in the Eurasian Economic Community counties (EAEC).Materials and Methods. The comparison of the aspects of the price regulation was presented as short characteristics of the regulating impact of the key normative legal acts (NLA) in the sphere of price formation on pharmaceutical drugs in the EAEC. The study included the following stages: the analysis of NLA in the Russian Federation, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Moldova, Republic of Armenia, and the Kyrgyz Republic, the comparison of the list of reference countries, and decreasing coefficients.Results. The authors revealed the differences in the procedure of the registration, re-registration, referencing of prices, and decreasing coefficients for the generics. The authors highlighted the drawbacks of the existing procedure of the registration of prices in Russia in terms of the formation of the list of the referent countries, the re-registration of drugs with an increase in price, and limited economic efficiency.Conclusion. The performed analysis showed that the differences in the methods of the state regulation of prices on pharmaceutical drugs in the EAEC countries do not allow for the formation of a unified approach. However, the creation of supranational method of price formation is an essential condition for the functioning of the united market of pharmaceutical drugs.Цель. Анализ методов государственного регулирования цен производителей лекарственных препаратов в странах-участницах Евразийского экономического союза (далее – ЕАЭС, Союз).Материалы и методы. Сопоставление аспектов ценового регулирования представлено в виде краткой характеристики регулирующего воздействия ключевых статей нормативных правовых актов (далее – НПА) в сфере ценообразования на лекарственные препараты в странах ЕАЭС. Исследование включало следующие этапы: анализ НПА в Российской Федерации, Республике Беларусь, Республике Казахстан, Республике Молдова, Республике Армения, Киргизской Республике; сравнение перечня референтных стран, понижающих коэффициентов.Результаты. Выявлены различия в процедурах регистрации, перерегистрации, реферирования цен, величине понижающих коэффициентов для воспроизведенных препаратов, выделены недостатки существующего порядка регистрации цен в России в части формирования перечня референтных стран, перерегистрации цены производителя в сторону увеличения, ограничения рентабельности.Заключение. По результатам анализа сделан вывод о том, что различия в методах государственного  регулирования цен на лекарственные препараты в странах ЕАЭС на данный момент не позволяют  сформировать универсальный подход, однако создание наднациональной методики ценообразования  является необходимым условием для функционирования единого рынка лекарственных средств

Bridging the gap between global models and full fluid models : a fast 1D semi-analytical fluid model for electronegative plasmas

Analytical and numerical models allow investigation of complicated discharge phenomena and the interplay that makes plasmas such a complex environment. Global models are quick to implement and can have almost negligible computation cost, but provide only bulk or spatially averaged values. Full fluid models take longer to develop, and can take days to solve, but provide accurate spatio-temporal profiles of the whole plasma. The work presented here details a different type of model, analytically similar to fluid models, but computationally closer to a global model, and able to give spatially resolved solutions for the challenging environment of electronegative plasmas. Included are non-isothermal electrons, gas heating, and coupled neutral dynamics. Solutions are reached in seconds to minutes, and spatial profiles are given for densities, fluxes, and temperatures. This allows the semi-analytical model to fill the gap that exists between global and full fluid models, extending the tools available to researchers. The semi-analytical model can perform broad parameter sweeps that are not practical with more computationally expensive models, as well as exposing non-trivial trends that global models cannot capture. Examples are given for a low pressure oxygen CCP. Excellent agreement is shown with a full fluid model, and comparisons are drawn with the corresponding global model

Нормативное правовое регулирование изготовления лекарственных препаратов аптечными организациями: опыт североамериканского фармацевтического рынка

In order to improve regulation of socially significant type of activity in the field of compounding pharmacy production, the review summarizes the technological, organizational and regulatory requirements for ensuring quality and safety of compounding drugs, as well as historical and technical analysis of the compounding pharmacy regulation in North American pharmaceutical market. The main imperatives are identified and the best practices recommended for implementation into the current state of the pharmaceutical market in the Russian Federation. С целью совершенствования подходов к регулированию особого и социально значимого вида деятельности – изготовления лекарственных препаратов (ЛП) аптечными организациями – в обзоре обобщены технологические, организационные и регуляторные требования по вопросам обеспечения качества и безопасности изготовления экстемпоральных ЛП, а также проведен историкотехнический анализ развития регулирования изготовления ЛП аптечными организациями на примере североамериканского фармацевтического рынка. Выявлены основные императивы и описана система надлежащих практик, элементы которой могут быть рекомендованы для внедрения в текущую систему регулирования деятельности аптечных организаций по изготовлению ЛП на территории Российской Федерации.

Модели анализа включений лекарственных средств в ограничительные перечни (на примере ЖНВЛП) 2016 г.

Background: In 2014 we firstly analyzed the formalized system (points and expert opinions) of drug inclusion and exclusion into the reimbursement lists in Russian Federation. The liner mathematical model of decision making was developed and adopted.Aim. Update the existing model using the results of reimbursement procedures acting from 2106.Material and methods. The linear models developed and adopted in 2014 were used. In 2015 we included data on 141 drug dossiers. We analyzed the decision of the expert body, chief Ministry of Health expert and the final committee decision.Results. 43 new drugs were included into the reimbursement lists acting from 2016. The model of expert body decision had an error 7,09% (12,4% in 2014). The model of chief Ministry of Health expert decision had an error – 7% (10% in 2014). The above mentioned experts became more experienced in the formalized procedure of decision making. The model of final decision had an error about 42% (35% in 2014). Conclusion. Linear models are working tools for modelling reimbursement system decisions. At the mean time the existing system of decision making needs more formalization.Актуальность. В 2014 г. в Российской Федерации был проведен первый опыт включения (исключения) лекарственных средств в ограничительные списки на формализованном принципе (балльная система, независимые заключения). На основании опубликованных данных за 2014 г. авторами были разработаны и апробированы математические линейные модели.Цель. Построение модели по данным анализа перечней на 2016 г.Материалы и методы. Использованы ранее разработанные и принятые линейные модели. В анализ было включено 141 досье на лекарственные препараты. Анализировали заключение экспертной организации, главного специалиста и окончательное решение.Результаты. В 2016 г. в ограничительный перечень жизненно необходимых и важнейших лекарственных препаратов (ЖНВЛП) было включено 43 лекарственных препарата. В результате показано, что модель заключения для экспертной организации давала ошибку 7,09% (в 2014 г. – 12,4%). Для главных внештатных специалистов – 7% (2014 г. – 10%). Отмечается «обучение» формализованному подходу указанных выше лиц, учитывая явную положительную динамику. Модель для окончательного решения междисциплинарной комиссии давала ошибку около 42% (ранее 35%).Заключение. Линейные модели являются действующим инструментом прогнозирования включения лекарственных препаратов в ограничительные перечни. В то же время действующая система по-прежнему требует формализации

Is concern about young people's anti-social behaviour associated with poor health? cross-sectional evidence from residents of deprived urban neighbourhoods

<p><b>Background:</b> Young people in disadvantaged neighbourhoods are often the focus of concerns about anti-social behaviour (ASB). There is inconsistent evidence to support the hypothesis that perceptions of ASB (PASB) are associated with poor health. We ask whether perceptions of young people's ASB are associated with poor health; and whether health, demographic and (psycho)social characteristics can help explain why PASB varies within disadvantaged neighbourhoods (Glasgow, UK).</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Regression analysis of survey data exploring associations between perceiving teenagers hanging around to be a serious neighbourhood problem and SF-12v2 mental and physical health scores (higher = better), including adjustment for demographic characteristics. Further analysis explored associations with self-reported measures of health service use, psychosocial characteristics of homes and neighbourhoods and social contacts.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> 6008 adults participated (50% response) and 22% (n = 1,332) said teenagers were a serious neighbourhood problem (the most frequently reported local problem). Demographic characteristics associated with perceiving serious teenager problems included regular health service use, age (inverse relationship), financial problems and living with children. Lower SF-12v2 physical health scores were associated with perceiving teenager problems after adjustment for demographic variables (OR 0.98; 95%CI 0.97,0.99; p = < 0.001), whilst adjusted findings for mental health scores were less conclusive (OR 0.99; 95%CI 0.98,1.00; p = 0.103). Further analysis suggested that perceiving teenager problems was more strongly associated with a number of self-reported psychosocial factors: e.g. lacking social support, < weekly family contacts, poor neighbourhood safety, low trust in neighbours, neighbourhood perceived to be a barrier to self-esteem, and neighbourhood decline.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Given the evidence we found of weak and small associations between PASB and health, we caution against assuming that tackling concern about teenagers' ASB will lead to substantial public health gains in disadvantaged areas. Although the findings do not present a compelling case for making PASB a public health priority, it is still important to address concerns about young people's ASB. Reasons for doing so may include improving social cohesion, reducing fear and isolation, and improving the general quality of people's lives - particularly in neighbourhoods burdened by multiple disadvantages. Future research should evaluate interventions that attempt to reduce PASB in disadvantaged areas. Findings from this study could help inform the targeting of such interventions.</p&gt