History of Value-at-Risk: 1922-1998

value-at-risk history

An introduction to Elinor Glyn : her life and legacy

This special issue of Women: A Cultural Review re-evaluates an author who was once a household name, beloved by readers of romance, and whose films were distributed widely in Europe and the Americas. Elinor Glyn (1864–1943) was a British author of romantic fiction who went to Hollywood and became famous for her movies. She was a celebrity figure of the 1920s, and wrote constantly in Hearst's press. She wrote racy stories which were turned into films—most famously, Three Weeks (1924) and It (1927). These were viewed by the judiciary as scandalous, but by others—Hollywood and the Spanish Catholic Church—as acceptably conservative. Glyn has become a peripheral figure in histories of this period, marginalized in accounts of the youth-centred ‘flapper era’. Decades on, the idea of the ‘It Girl’ continues to have great pertinence in the post-feminist discourses of the twenty-first century. The 1910s and 1920s saw the development of intermodal networks between print, sound and screen cultures. This introduction to Glyn's life and legacy reviews the cross-disciplinary debate sparked by renewed interest in Glyn by film scholars and literary and feminist historians, and offers a range of views of Glyn's cultural and historical significance and areas for future research

Design for Belonging: The correlation between belonging, identity shifts and mismatches in inclusive systems

With the increased involvement of designers in matters of public discourse, local communities and policy making [1-3] – parameters of inclusive design have moved more prominently into the roles of leading frameworks utilised by practitioners [4-6]. Following on from the Social Turn [7] the imperative to challenge values and attitudes to design [8] and its societal contribution was further demonstrated, resulting in a push for communities to take part in the creative process to produce positive engagement and environments for all [9]. Inclusive design aims to generate solutions to disaggregate and remove barriers to involvement and eliminate separation [10-11]. The term accessibility is often mentioned as a descriptor or enabler of a design becoming inclusive, yet accessibility alone does not generate cultures of participation, relatability, or true inclusion. The preposition that accessibility points in a system’s periphery count towards the design being deemed inclusive, is one of the main issues within enquiries of system imbalances [8-11]. Whilst designers focus on generating accessibility points catered to as many needs as possible, what remains is a vast neglect of what happens to the people once they are inside the system. Lacking relatability and processes of active exclusion push people’s established and shifting identities into places of othering. Far beyond just inclusion, a design that considers one’s intrinsic need to belong, could generate the acceptance of an individual as a part of the system and affirms their full identity to produce greater motivation to progress [11-12] This emerging awareness of cultivating belonging within inclusive design raises considerations for solutions that target urban, migrant communities, where matters of identity are accentuated [12]. This paper will present propositions towards a Design for Belonging, operating on systems thinking practice and explicated through visual data mapping, which in the context of this particular study - focusing on experiences of people with complicated migration/immigration or refugee background

The left intraparietal sulcus modulates the selection of low salient stimuli

Neuropsychological and functional imaging studies have suggested a general right hemisphere advantage for processing global visual information and a left hemisphere advantage for processing local information. In contrast, a recent transcranial magnetic stimulation study [Mevorach, C., Humphreys, G. W., & Shalev, L. Opposite biases in salience-based selection for the left and right posterior parietal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 740-742, 2006b] demonstrated that functional lateralization of selection in the parietal cortices on the basis of the relative salience of stimuli might provide an alternative explanation for previous results. In the present study, we applied a whole-brain analysis of the functional magnetic resonance signal when participants responded to either the local or the global levels of hierarchical figures. The task (respond to local or global) was crossed with the saliency of the target level (local salient, global salient) to provide, for the first time, a direct contrast between brain activation related to the stimulus level and that related to relative saliency. We found evidence for lateralization of salience-based selection but not for selection based on the level of processing. Activation along the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) was found when a low saliency stimulus had to be selected irrespective of its level. A control task showed that this was not simply an effect of task difficulty. The data suggest a specific role for regions along the left IPS in salience-based selection, supporting the argument that previous reports of lateralized responses to local and global stimuli were contaminated by effects of saliency

Root anatomical traits contribute to deeper rooting of maize under compacted field conditions

© The Author(s) 2020. To better understand the role of root anatomy in regulating plant adaptation to soil mechanical impedance, 12 maize lines were evaluated in two soils with and without compaction treatments under field conditions. Penetrometer resistance was 1–2 MPa greater in the surface 30 cm of the compacted plots at a water content of 17–20% (v/v). Root thickening in response to compaction varied among genotypes and was negatively associated with rooting depth at one field site under non-compacted plots. Thickening was not associated with rooting depth on compacted plots. Genotypic variation in root anatomy was related to rooting depth. Deeper-rooting plants were associated with reduced cortical cell file number in combination with greater mid cortical cell area for node 3 roots. For node 4, roots with increased aerenchyma were deeper roots. A greater influence of anatomy on rooting depth was observed for the thinner root classes. We found no evidence that root thickening is related to deeper rooting in compacted soil; however, anatomical traits are important, especially for thinner root classes

Adapting Social Design Research Methods for Socially Distanced Practice

Social Design Research, due to its interactive and democratic nature, typically requires access to participants at all stages of the Design process (enquiry, insight gathering, ideation, and testing). This ensures that the designers’ practice is informed with contextual knowledge gained through relationship-building and ethnography, which are key features of Social Design Research [1]. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the delivery of Design education, and the approaches taken by lecturers and students had to adapt. The methods, attitudes and approaches to Design research and practice have evolved due to these changes due to the use of newly adopted digital collaborative environments. This paper presents the adaptations to existing Social Design Research methods and new ones which have been generated by the students through the undertaking of a project aimed at designing for social value delivered to first year Product Design students at the University of Derby

Primary pneumaturia

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A psychophysical investigation into the preview benefit in visual search

In preview search, half of the distracters are presented ahead of the remaining distracters and the target. Search under these conditions is more efficient than when all the items appear together (Watson & Humphreys, 1997). We investigated the mechanisms contributing to this preview benefit using an orientation discrimination task. In a display of vertical Gabors (all equidistant from fixation) one Gabor (chosen at random) was tilted (left or right). When half the non-tilted Gabors were previewed, thresholds increased less with the number of Gabors. In a further experiment, orientation noise was added to some of the Gabors. When all Gabors were presented simultaneously, orientation thresholds for the target increased. The effects of noise on thresholds was reduced, however, when the noisy Gabors were presented as a preview. Furthermore, there was less effect of noise in the preview condition than when observers were cued to a subset of Gabors (with a cue presented prior to the Gabors, adjacent to their positions). Visual information can be effectively excluded from the previewed locations to a greater degree than when attention is directed to a subset of display items. The implications for understanding the mechanisms involved in preview search are discussed

Energy loss rates of two-dimensional hole gases in inverted Si/Si0.8Ge0.2 heterostructures

We have investigated the energy loss rate of hot holes as a function of carrier temperature TC in p-type inverted modulation-doped (MD) Si/SiGe heterostructures over the carrier sheet density range (3.5–13)×1011 cm–2, at lattice temperatures of 0.34 and 1.8 K. It is found that the energy loss rate (ELR) depends significantly upon the carrier sheet density, n2D. Such an n2D dependence of ELR has not been observed previously in p-type SiGe MD structures. The extracted effective mass decreases as n2D increases, which is in agreement with recent measurements on a gated inverted sample. It is shown that the energy relaxation of the two-dimensional hole gases is dominated by unscreened acoustic phonon scattering and a deformation potential of 3.0±0.4 eV is deduced

Expansion and retrenchment of the Swedish welfare state: a longterm approach

pp. 226-245In this paper we will undertake a long-term analysis of the evolution of the Swedish welfare state, seeking to explain that evolution through the use of a systemic approach. That is to say, our approach will consider the interrelations between economic growth (EG), the socio-political institutional framework (IF), and the welfare state (WS) − understood as a set of institutions embracing the labour market and its regulation, the tax system, and the socalled social wage − in order to find the main variables that elucidate its evolution. We will show that the expansive phase of the Swedish welfare state can be explained by the symbiotic relationships developed in the WS-EG-IF interaction; whereas the period of welfare state retrenchment is one result of changes operating within the socio-political (IF) and economic (EG) bases.S