Genetics of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 tegument proteins involved in virion morphogenesis and egress

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) morphogenesis occurs in multiple stages within infected cells. Initially, the virion capsid assembles within the nucleus and buds through the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm, additional tegument proteins attach to the capsid and the fully tegumented capsids bud into trans-Golgi network (TGN) derived vesicles. Enveloped virions are ultimately secreted to extracellular spaces. The process by which the cytoplasmic capsids bud into TGN-derived vesicles is not well understood. The prevalent model calls for specific interactions among viral tegument proteins and membrane proteins and glycoproteins embedded within TGN membranes. To further investigate the roles of tegument proteins in cytoplasmic virion envelopment, we constructed deletion mutants of UL11, UL20, both UL11 and UL20, and UL16. UL11 is involved in cytoplasmic virion envelopment. The ΔUL11 virus exhibits large amounts of unenveloped capsids in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The phenotype of the double null virus most closely resembled that of the UL20 single null virus (ΔUL20) in all areas: plaque phenotype, growth kinetics, and ultrastructural characteristics. To asses whether UL11 has any affect on UL20/gK localization, confocal experiments to determine the localization of UL11, UL20 and gK were undertaken, revealing that UL11 transport was completely independent of UL20/gK. Taken together these results indicate that UL11 acts at a step in cytoplasmic envelopment downstream of UL20, and UL20 is required for proper UL11 function. However, UL11 is not dependent upon the UL20/gK heterodimer for its transport. To assess the role of UL16 in virion morphogenesis and egress, the YEbac102ΔUL16 virus was constructed using a recently described RED markerless recombination system. ΔUL16 showed a large accumulation of intranuclear capsids not seen in the ΔUL11 virus. This result indicates a two-fold role for UL16 in virion morphogenesis and egress: 1) The nuclear accumulation of capsids seems to suggest that the first and most important role of UL16 is in intranuclear capsid assembly/egress. 2) The cytoplasmic accumulation of capsids suggests that UL16 also plays a role in cytoplasmic envelopment. These results indicate a possible pathway for the juxtaposition of cytoplasmic capsids with TGN-derived vesicles for final cytoplasmic envelopment

Susceptibility of Bacillus anthracis to Gamma and Cherry bacteriophage

Bacillus anthracis is a bacterium that causes severe disease mainly in ruminants, but can affect any mammal, including humans. A popular method for the detection of this organism is susceptibility of the bacterial isolate to g bacteriophage. However, to date no study on the resistance of a wide variety of B. anthracis isolates has been conducted. The following study examines the rate of resistance of a wide range of B. anthracis isolates to g phage as well as another phage specific for B. anthracis known as Cherry phage. We also compared susceptibility to phage with another detection method, susceptibility to penicillin, to determine any association between the two. The origin of the resistant isolates was examined to determine associations between resistance and isolate origin. Finally, the gross structure and resistant rates of the two phages were compared to determine any relation between the two viruses. We found that B. anthracis showed 20% resistance to g phage, which we propose is too high to continue its use as a reliable diagnostic tool. No association was found between resistance to penicillin and resistance to phage. No association was found between isolate origin and resistance. No conclusions could be drawn as to the relationship between the two phages

Teacher Attitudes Toward the Mainstreaming of Exceptional Students: Effects of the Educational Climate

In the United States, PL 94-142 is now ten years old, and for a decade school districts have had the legal responsibility to provide for all exceptional children in the \u27least restrictive environment.\u27 However, the movement toward integrating exceptional children into regular classrooms is not restricted to the United States. Many countries have been exposed to a vigorous advocacy on.behalf of the handicapped for their right to enjoy an existence as close as possible to normal (Mitchell, 1981)

Social Learning for Children with Specific Learning Disabilities

The recent interest in curriculum development has empahasized the need for a framework in which to integrate many different education goals. Heiss and Mischio have proposed three criteria for a comprehensive curriculum. Good curricula which satisfy these conditions have been developed for use in the normal school programme. However, at present there is a great need for integrated curricula which attend to the special needs of children with general or specific learning disablilities

Fermentation Utilization of Cassava. The Butyl-Acetonic Fermentation

The cassava plant belongs to the family Euphorbiaccaee and is botanically known as Manihot utilissima Pohl. It is also called tapioca or manioc although the word tapioca is often used to designate certain forms of cassava products. The cassava is a plant possessing quite unusual characteristics. It has no known pests nor enemies. It grows in most soils, resists extreme droughts, and propagates easily although its growth is restricted to tropical regions. The plant itself is a perennial shrub which attains a height of six to twelve feet at the age of one year. At the base of its stem it produces a cluster of long fleshy roots. The starch content of the fresh cassava root is 25 to 30 per cent; these roots furnish the cheapest source of starch known

Studies on the Effect of Ultra-Violet Rays upon Yeast Metabolism - I. The Effect of Ultra Violet Light upon the Medium

74. Studies on the effect Exposure of the medium (composed of optimum concentrations of salts and sugar) to ultra-violet light renders it less effective for the growth of yeast. The development of the toxicity increases with duration and intensity of irradiation. An exposure of seven hours through quartz at about l5 cm from a quartz mercury vapor lamp affects the medium in such a way that yeast will show practically no growth in the medium. The work is being continued in order to obtain quantitative results and to explain the phenomenon

Relation of the Structure of Sugars to Their Dissimilation in the Butyl-Acetonic Fermentation

The dissimilation of starch in corn mash by Clostridium acetobutylicum produces butanol, acetone and ethanol, commonly called solvents \u27, in the approximate ratio of 60:80:10, respectively. Although corn mash is the usual substrate, fermentations of certain pure carbohydrates by Cl. acetobutylicum have been investigated previously to some extent. The studies of various workers (3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12) have shown that a considerable number of sugars are fermented by the butyl organism in semi-synthetic media. The sugar fermentations are somewhat slower than for corn mash, and the final acidities arc somewhat higher with yields of neutral products correspondingly lower. There is some variation in the proportion of solvents produced from the various carbohydrates. Hence, an attempt was made in this investigation to relate the structure of the sugars and the proportions of the solvents formed, by subjecting to the action of the butyl-acetone organism as many of the sugars and polyhydric alcohols as could be readily obtained or prepared. These included thirteen compounds which had not been previously studied in detail, with dextrose and corn mash used for controls

The herpes simplex virus UL20 protein functions in glycoprotein K (gK) intracellular transport and virus-induced cell fusion are independent of UL20 functions in cytoplasmic virion envelopment

The HSV-1 UL20 protein (UL20p) and glycoprotein K (gK) are both important determinants of cytoplasmic virion morphogenesis and virus-induced cell fusion. In this manuscript, we examined the effect of UL20 mutations on the coordinate transport and Trans Golgi Network (TGN) localization of UL20p and gK, virus-induced cell fusion and infectious virus production. Deletion of 18 amino acids from the UL20p carboxyl terminus (UL20 mutant 204t) inhibited intracellular transport and cell-surface expression of both gK and UL20, resulting in accumulation of UL20p and gK in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in agreement with the inability of 204t to complement UL20-null virus replication and virus-induced cell fusion. In contrast, less severe carboxyl terminal deletions of either 11 or six amino acids (UL20 mutants 211t and 216t, respectively) allowed efficient UL20p and gK intracellular transport, cell-surface expression and TGN colocalization. However, while both 211t and 216t failed to complement for infectious virus production, 216t complemented for virus-induced cell fusion, but 211t did not. These results indicated that the carboxyl terminal six amino acids of UL20p were crucial for infectious virus production, but not involved in intracellular localization of UL20p/gK and concomitant virus-induced cell fusion. In the amino terminus of UL20, UL20p mutants were produced changing one or both of the Y38 and Y49 residues found within putative phosphorylation sites. UL20p tyrosine-modified mutants with both tyrosine residues changed enabled efficient intracellular transport and TGN localization of UL20p and gK, but failed to complement for either infectious virus production, or virus-induced cell fusion. These results show that UL20p functions in cytoplasmic envelopment are separable from UL20 functions in UL20p intracellular transport, cell surface expression and virus-induced cell fusion

Bats of the Jessieville Ranger District, Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas

During July and August 2000 and 2001, mist nets were set concentrated on three drainages in the Jessieville District of the Ouachita National Forest: North Fork Ouachita River (ten sites), Irons Fork Creek (five sites), and Muddy Creek (two sites). A total of 83 bats representing seven species was caught during 20 evenings (43 net nights). Sampled habitats included pools in road ruts, intermittent streams, man-made ponds on ridgelines, a wet road rut fed by a seep, small drainages that flowed only after a heavy rain, a standing pool in a clearing, and larger streams. Eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis) were caught 64 times. Other bats caught included three evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis), eight eastern pipistrelles (Pipistrellus subflavus), two hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus), three northern long-eared myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), one big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), and two Seminole bats (Lasiurus seminolus). A juvenile Seminole bat, only recently volant, represents the first documentation of likely reproduction of this bat in Arkansas

The Changing Components of the Corporate Annual Report: An Update

Recent regulatory changes affect not only the content of annual reports but also the population of companies that are required to comply with these reporting regulations. Lenders need to stay abreast of the information provided in corporate reporting packages. This article provides an update on regulatory changes and discusses how these changes affect the information that can be found in corporate annual reports