Urbanization Sans Development?

From a theoretical standpoint, the question has to be asked whether or not the census should retain its present definition of urban areas. There is a need for a more meaningful integration of the structural, institutional and demographic criteria, if the term is to hold substantive meaning. In this light, this paper proposes that a two-tier urban definition be employed. The old definition should be retained for trend analysis purposes while a new definition that incorporates socioeconomic purposes should be instituted.urban management, population and family relation, urbanization, data and statistics

Urbanization Sans Development?

From a theoretical standpoint, the question has to be asked whether or not the census should retain its present definition of urban areas. There is a need for a more meaningful integration of the structural, institutional and demographic criteria, if the term is to hold substantive meaning. In this light, this paper proposes that a two-tier urban definition be employed. The old definition should be retained for trend analysis purposes while a new definition that incorporates socioeconomic purposes should be instituted.urban management, population and family relation, urbanization, data and statistics

Complete Genome Sequences of Three Clinical Listeria monocytogenes Sequence Type 8 Strains from Recent German Listeriosis Outbreaks

We report here the closed genome sequences of three clinical Listeria monocytogenes strains of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) sequence type 8 (ST8). These strains are representatives of three separate listeriosis outbreak clusters (Alpha1, Pi4, and Sigma1) that affected Germany between 2012 and 2020.Peer Reviewe

Capillary electrophoretic separation of herbicidal enantiomers applying ergot alkaloids

Abstract The capillary electrophoretic separation of some herbicidal enantiomers is shown applying 1-allylterguride as chiral selector. Baseline separation is shown for the enantiomers of fluazifop, halossifop and fenoxaprop, whereas the optical isomers of flamprop could be partially resolved. Separation times are short compared to similar analyses, applying HPLC and a terguride chiral stationary phase. The degree of dissociation of the acidic analytes, as well as the amount of methanol present in the background electrolyte, are shown to have a major influence on enantioresolution, as expected form earlier studies. © 1997 Elsevier Science B. V

Yield criteria for glaciotectonically deformed deposits

Most glaciotectonically deformed deposits, including varved clays and glacial tills, are characterised by cracks and fissures. This paper presents a method for describing the yield criteria for glacitectonically deformed cohesive deposits using a model of cracked geomaterial with isotropic or anisotropic matrix. The general representation of the limit conditions for anisotropic materials in plane-strain is used to determine the yield criterion. The yield criterion represents a convex, piece-wise surface in the three-dimensional stress space revealing explicitly global, plastic properties of the materials considered. An example of using proposed yield criteria to solve a bearing capacity problem of a strip foundation constructed on a glaciotectonically cracked layer is presented. The lower and upper-bound estimates of limit loads on the strip footing are given. The limit state analysis presented in this paper can be used to solve many other geotechnical engineering problems, for example, the stability of slopes and reinforced walls or the bearing capacity of pile foundations

Reply to Guy et al.: Support for a bottleneck in the 2011 Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak in Germany

In our paper (1), we analyzed isolates from the Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreaks in Germany and France in May to July 2011. We concluded that, although the German outbreak was larger, the German isolates represent a clade within the greater diversity of the French outbreak. We proposed several hypotheses to explain these findings, including that the lineage leading to the German outbreak went through a narrow bottleneck that purged diversity. Guy et al. (2) report the genomes of eight additional E. coli O104:H4 isolates sampled from the German outbreak. By focusing on the numbers of SNPs in their samples, they suggest that the German outbreak is more diverse than we reported and is similar to the French outbreak. In fact, Guy et al.’s data (2) strongly support our conclusion that the German outbreak represents a clade within the diversity

Off-Diagonal Elements of the DeWitt Expansion from the Quantum Mechanical Path Integral

The DeWitt expansion of the matrix element M_{xy} = \left\langle x \right| \exp -[\case{1}{2} (p-A)^2 + V]t \left| y \right\rangle, $(p=-i\partial)$ in powers of $t$ can be made in a number of ways. For $x=y$ (the case of interest when doing one-loop calculations) numerous approaches have been employed to determine this expansion to very high order; when $x \neq y$ (relevant for doing calculations beyond one-loop) there appear to be but two examples of performing the DeWitt expansion. In this paper we compute the off-diagonal elements of the DeWitt expansion coefficients using the Fock-Schwinger gauge. Our technique is based on representing $M_{xy}$ by a quantum mechanical path integral. We also generalize our method to the case of curved space, allowing us to determine the DeWitt expansion of \tilde M_{xy} = \langle x| \exp \case{1}{2} [\case{1}{\sqrt {g}} (\partial_\mu - i A_\mu)g^{\mu\nu}{\sqrt{g}}(\partial_\nu - i A_\nu) ] t| y \rangle by use of normal coordinates. By comparison with results for the DeWitt expansion of this matrix element obtained by the iterative solution of the diffusion equation, the relative merit of different approaches to the representation of $\tilde M_{xy}$ as a quantum mechanical path integral can be assessed. Furthermore, the exact dependence of $\tilde M_{xy}$ on some geometric scalars can be determined. In two appendices, we discuss boundary effects in the one-dimensional quantum mechanical path integral, and the curved space generalization of the Fock-Schwinger gauge.Comment: 16pp, REVTeX. One additional appendix concerning end-point effects for finite proper-time intervals; inclusion of these effects seem to make our results consistent with those from explicit heat-kernel method