The DDG^G-classifier in the functional setting

The Maximum Depth was the first attempt to use data depths instead of multivariate raw data to construct a classification rule. Recently, the DD-classifier has solved several serious limitations of the Maximum Depth classifier but some issues still remain. This paper is devoted to extending the DD-classifier in the following ways: first, to surpass the limitation of the DD-classifier when more than two groups are involved. Second to apply regular classification methods (like $k$NN, linear or quadratic classifiers, recursive partitioning,...) to DD-plots to obtain useful insights through the diagnostics of these methods. And third, to integrate different sources of information (data depths or multivariate functional data) in a unified way in the classification procedure. Besides, as the DD-classifier trick is especially useful in the functional framework, an enhanced revision of several functional data depths is done in the paper. A simulation study and applications to some classical real datasets are also provided showing the power of the new proposal.Comment: 29 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables, Supplemental R Code and Dat

Epicuticular Wax Load of Near-Isogenic Barley Lines Differing in Glaucousness

Scanning electron microscopy observations of epicuticular waxes on flag leaves (blades and sheaths) and ears were carried out on a pair of near-isogenic lines of two-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ), derived from cv. Troubadour, differing in their degree of glaucousness (wax bloom). Plants were grown under irrigated and rainfed mediterranean conditions. Wax bloom in flag leaves consisted mainly of thin wax deposits over the blade, and tubes over the sheath. Wax bloom in the blade was denser and more uniformly arranged on the adaxial than on the abaxial side. In the ears, tubular waxes predominated, forming dense patches on awns and lemmas, and becoming sparse on inner bracts such as the palea. Wax bloom increased under rainfed conditions in both lines. There were marked differences between the lines in the extent of deposition of crystallized epicuticular waxes in the leaf sheath and the ear, whereas differences in the leaf blade were less evident. Wax bloom was almost absent on the sheaths and ear of the non-glaucous line. These results suggest separate genetic control of epicuticular wax deposition on different parts of barley plants. The role of wax bloom in two related ecophysiological parameters, canopy reflectance and cuticular conductance to water diffusion, was also studied. Reflectance by the canopy in the 400 to 700 nm wavelengths was over 50% higher in the glaucous than in the non-glaucous line under rainfed conditions. Under irrigated conditions, flag leaf blades of the non-glaucous line showed the highest epidermal conductance. Ears showed no clear differences in epidermal conductance between lines or growth conditions

Emotional-Type Psychopathologic Symptoms among Patients with Terminal Chronic Alcohol-Induced Liver Cirrhosis

Introduction: Patients with toxic substance abuse syndrome, such as alcohol abuse, have elevated psychopathologic morbidity and mortality such as mood disorders. Objective: To evaluate the emotional-type psychopathologic symptoms in patients with alcohol-induced hepatic cirrhosis on the liver transplant waiting list. Materials and methods: Patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis who were candidates for liver transplant (n = 41) completed the SA-45 questionnaire (González y Cuevas; 88), which assesses nine dimensions: somatizations, obsessive-compulsivity, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. A control group consisted of patients with chronic nonalcoholic terminal hepatopathies (n = 22). Results: Seventy-six percent of patients had some kind of psychopathologic symptom compared to 68% of the patients in the control group with other nonalcoholic etiologies (P > .05). The emotional-type clinical symptoms were: (1) somatizations: 37% of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis had this type of clinical symptoms compared to 32% of the control group (P > .05); (2) obsessive-compulsivity: 56% versus 46%, respectively (P > .05); (3) interpersonal sensitivity: 19% versus 9%, respectively (P > .05); (4) depression: 54% versus 27%, respectively (P = .045); (5) anxiety: 59% versus 46%, respectively (P > .05); (6) hostility: 29% versus 5%, respectively (P = .021); (7) phobic anxiety: 10% versus 14%, respectively (P > .05); (8) paranoid Ideation: 7% versus 5%, respectively (P > .05); (9) psychoticism: 5% versus 4%, respectively (P > .05). Conclusions: The patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis on the liver transplant waiting list had elevated psychopathologic symptoms. Depressive- and hostile-type emotional alterations were most frequent in this type of patients.Actividad Física y DeporteEnfermeríaMedicinaPsicologíaTerapia y RehabilitaciónEnfermeríaFisioterapia, Podología y Terapia OcupacionalMedicin

Role of awns in ear water-use efficiency and grain weight in barley

Two near-isogenic 6-rowed barley genotypes (Hordeum vulgare L cv Atlas), with and without awns, were grown in pots under Mediterranean conditions. The plants were watered daily. For each genotype, total net photosynthesis and water-use efficiency (WUE: net photosynthesis/transpiration) of ears and flag leaves were measured 3 times during grain filling: 1, 3 and 4 weeks after anthesis. The total photosynthesis of awned ears was markedly higher than that of awnless ears, until 3 weeks after anthesis. Thereafter, photosynthetic rates decreased faster in awned than in awnless ears. The WUE of awned ears was always higher than that of awnless ears. In fact, the WUE of awns alone was 2 to 3 times higher than the WUE of awnless ears during grain filling. The mature kernel dry weight was higher in the awned genotype than in the awnless genotype. Carbon isotope discrimination of kernels in the awned genotype was lower than in the awnless genotype. Thus, the presence of awns seem to help the ears to maintain higher rates of photosynthesis and WUE throughout the grain-filling period, and may be related to the greater kernel dry weight in the awned genotype, even under well-irrigated conditions. In an experiment in which either the ears or the flag leaves were darkened, the importance of the role of the ear was demonstrated, especially in the awned genotype, in supplying assimilates to the grain. When the ear was darkened, total grain yield per ear was reduced by 37.4% in the awned genotype, but by only 14.8% in the awnless genotype. Darkening the flag leaf increased carbon isotope discrimination in the mature kernels of the 2 genotypes, with respect to undarkened plants, especially in the awnless genotype. The alteration of the source-sink relationship in the plant may be responsible for this response to carbon isotope discrimination.Rôle des barbes dans l'efficience d'utilisation de l'eau et le poids de grain chez l'orge. Deux variétés isogéniques (avec et sans barbes) d'orge à 6 rangs (Hordeum vulgare L cv Altas), ont grandi dans des pots sous conditions méditerranéennes. Les plantes ont été arrosées chaque jour. Pour chaque génotype, on a mesuré la photosynthèse nette totale et l'efficience d'utilisation de l'eau (WUE=photosynthèse nette/transpiration) des épis et des feuilles étendards 3 fois au long du remplissage du grain : 1, 3 et 4 sem après l'anthèse. La photosynthèse totale des génotypes avec barbes a été supérieure à celle des génotypes sans barbes, jusqu'à 3 sem après l'anthèse. Par la suite, les valeurs de la photosynthèse ont diminué plus rapidement chez les génotypes avec barbes que chez les génotypes sans barbes. La WUE des génotypes avec barbes a toujours été supérieure à celle des « sans barbes ». De fait, la WUE chez les épis avec barbes a été 2 ou 3 fois supérieure à celle des épis sans barbes pendant le remplissage du grain. Le poids sec du grain mûr a été supérieur avec le génotype avec barbes par comparaison avec le génotype sans barbes. La discrimination isotopique du carbone des grains chez les génotypes avec barbes a été plus bas que chez les génotypes sans barbes. Cependant, il semble que la présence des barbes aide les épis à maintenir élevés les valeurs de la photosynthèse et la WUE pendant la période de remplissage du grain. Cela peut voir un rapport avec l'augmentation du poids sec du grain des génotypes avec barbes, même avec des conditions d'arrosage. Dans une expérience dans laquelle on a soumis à l'obscurité les épis ou les feuilles étendard, on a pu démontrer que l'épi a un rôle très important pour fournir des assimilats au grain. Lorsque l'épi a été mis dans l'obscurité, le poids total de grains par épi a été réduit de 37,4% dans le génotype avec barbes, mais seulement de 14,8% dans le génotype sans barbes. Lorsque la feuille étendard a été placée dans l'obscurité, la discrimination isotopique du carbone a augmenté dans les grains mûrs, dans les 2 génotypes, par rapport aux plantes non placées dans l'obscurité, spécialement dans le génotype sans barbes. L'altération de la relation source-puits dans les plantes mises dans l'obscurité peut être responsable de cette réponse de la discrimination isotopique du carbone