The Estradiol-Dihydrotestosterone model of prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: The exact relationship between hormonal activity and prostate cancer(PCa) has not yet been clearly defined. One of the key hormones associated with PCa is testosterone(T). However, both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that under some conditions T is capable of either promoting PCa growth or death. This article proposes a theory which resolves this apparent paradox. MODEL: The Estradiol-Dihydrotestosterone(E-D) model introduced in this paper proposes that 17β-estradiol(E2) is essential for initiating the growth of PCa cells through the formation of telomeres. It also proposes that T is responsible for increasing the expression of proteins which cause apoptosis, or programmed cell death, and that 5α-dihydrotestosterone(DHT) is essential for preventing this. In addition, it is known that some T is converted to both E2 and DHT, which means that depending on the conditions, T is capable of either promoting the growth of or the killing of PCa

DIPL 6134 NA Nuclear Weapons in International Relations

This course provides a knowledge base and background for understanding contemporary international relations in which nuclear weapons play a central role. Currently, nuclear weapons policy is of critical importance in U.S. relations with Iran, Pakistan and North Korea. Questions of stockpiles, safety, proliferation and deployment have been ongoing with the Russian Federation since 1991 and with the previous Soviet Union dating back to the dawn of the Atomic Age. In addition, the real but often unacknowledged, nuclear strike capabilities of Israel play a critical role in shaping the dynamics of Middle East affairs. Since the Al Qaeda attack of 9/11, the potential use of nuclear weapons by non-nation states has become a priority focus of national and international attention. The specter of Nuclear Terrorism has become a more central concern than that of Nuclear Deterrence. In order to understand these issues, the course will include study of the fundamentals of nuclear weapons technology through an historic review that begins with the Manhattan Project of World War II and continues with the U.S. - Soviet Union arms race that shaped many aspects of world affairs from post World-War II through the break up of the Soviet Union in 1991. Additional historic events that help illuminate contemporary issues include the unsuccessful weapons programs of Iraq and Libya, as well as the abandoned weapons program of South Africa. These discussions will provide a context for reviewing the various international initiatives, treaties and organizations that have been developed for facilitating monitoring and control of nuclear weapons. These include the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963), SALT I (1972), SALT II (1979), START I (1991), START II (1993), New START (2010) among other treaties, as well as the role of President Eisenhower\u27s Atoms for Peace Program and the initiation and development of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The course is segmented into five sections: A Nuclear Awakening, 8. Cold War Arms Race, C. Post Soviet Era, D. Worldwide Proliferation, and E. Threats & Challenges. Two or three class periods will be devoted to each segment

Optical scalars in spherical spacetimes

Consider a spherically symmetric spacelike slice through a spherically symmetric spacetime. One can derive a universal bound for the optical scalars on any such slice. The only requirement is that the matter sources satisfy the dominant energy condition and that the slice be asymptotically flat and regular at the origin. This bound can be used to derive new conditions for the formation of apparent horizons. The bounds hold even when the matter has a distribution on a shell or blows up at the origin so as to give a conical singularity

Recent Publications

Chinese Legal Tradition Under the Mongols: The Code of 1291 as Reconstructed. By Paul Heng-chao Ch\u27en The author\u27s analysis of the New Code leads him to two conclusions: that the Yuan penal system was more lenient than its predecessors in imposing lesser punishments for minor offenses, and that the Mongol-Chinese partnership of the Yuan dynasty developed one of the most impressive and mature judicial systems that imperial China ever had for the administration of justice. He therefore argues that Chinese law in the time of Marco Polo was much less barbaric than has traditionally been thought. Courthouse. By Paul Hoffman. Hoffman follows several trials that made headlines, including those of accused murderer Joseph Cortale, the kidnappers of fashion designer Calvin Klein\u27s daughter, and Marty Evans, the professional con artist and seducer who was acquitted of assault with a friendly weapon on the grounds that the abominable snow job, while perhaps morally reprehensible, is not rape. With reportorial impartiality, Hoffman also chronicles the less glamorous trials of heroin addicts, prostitutes, and the teenage murderer of an elderly couple. Doctors and the Law. By Gilbert Sharpe and Glenn Sawyer. A concise manual of law for the practicing physician, Doctors and the Law collects and compares the varying approaches of different jurisdictions to medical malpractice. The final chapter, which discusses alternative mechanisms for the resolution of malpractice claims, is especially noteworthy. The authors conclude by offering the reader a rich set of appendices ranging from the biomedical research provisions of the 1975 Helsinki Declaration to the results of a detailed questionnaire reporting the medical practices and attitudes of nearly 2,000 physicians. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. By Leon Friedman. In his preface, Professor Friedman stresses the importance of judicial biography as an element in the history of our highest Court. Without such biography, he argues, legal scholars may neglect to study the Court in terms of the thinking and work of each individual member, preferring instead to view it as an anonymous and monolithic institution. For example, Friedman points out that a slight change in the viewpoint of even one Justice can change constitutional history, and an understanding of that change can explain seemingly inconsistent opinions on the same subject. Thus, by examining each member, the book provides an examination of the Burger Court as a whole which seeks to explain that Court\u27s dramatic change in direction over the past decade. Sexual Harassment of Working Women. By Catharine A. MacKinnon. Supporting her position equating harassment with discrimination, MacKinnon explains that sexual harassment of women occurs largely because women occupy inferior job positions. In the author\u27s view, moreover, harassment works to keep women in such positions.Drawing upon statistical data and articles in popular journals recounting harassment experiences, MacKinnon finds the working female\u27s world to be characterized by horizontal segregation, vertical stratification, income inequality and sex-defined work. She then explores the imposition of sexual requirements as a quid pro quo for employment or advancement, as a condition of the work environment, and in its psychological impact upon women. Thomas Jefferson and the Law. By Edward Dumbauld. The author emphasizes Jefferson\u27s legal scholarship, and explores at great length his subject\u27s role, either as lawyer or participant, in several cases involving public officials, slavery, contested wills, and separation of church and state. Foremost among these is the batture controversy, in which Jefferson as President authorized the use of force to eject Edward Livingston from the alluvionor beach ( batture in French) at New Orleans, then part of the newly-acquired Louisiana Purchase. The author similarly details Jefferson\u27s analysis of several major cases in which he did not take part, including his response to the opinion delivered by Chief Justice John Marshall in the Aaron Burr treason trial

The tip-link antigen, a protein associated with the transduction complex of sensory hair cells, is protocadherin-15

Sound and acceleration are detected by hair bundles, mechanosensory structures located at the apical pole of hair cells in the inner ear. The different elements of the hair bundle, the stereocilia and a kinocilium, are interconnected by a variety of link types. One of these links, the tip link, connects the top of a shorter stereocilium with the lateral membrane of an adjacent taller stereocilium and may gate the mechanotransducer channel of the hair cell. Mass spectrometric and Western blot analyses identify the tip-link antigen, a hitherto unidentified antigen specifically associated with the tip and kinocilial links of sensory hair bundles in the inner ear and the ciliary calyx of photoreceptors in the eye, as an avian ortholog of human protocadherin-15, a product of the gene for the deaf/blindness Usher syndrome type 1F/DFNB23 locus. Multiple protocadherin-15 transcripts are shown to be expressed in the mouse inner ear, and these define four major isoform classes, two with entirely novel, previously unidentified cytoplasmic domains. Antibodies to the three cytoplasmic domain-containing isoform classes reveal that each has a different spatiotemporal expression pattern in the developing and mature inner ear. Two isoforms are distributed in a manner compatible for association with the tip-link complex. An isoform located at the tips of stereocilia is sensitive to calcium chelation and proteolysis with subtilisin and reappears at the tips of stereocilia as transduction recovers after the removal of calcium chelators. Protocadherin-15 is therefore associated with the tip-link complex and may be an integral component of this structure and/or required for its formatio

EFFECTS OF ERRORS OF VELOCITY TILT ON MAXIMUM LONGITUDINAL COMPRESSION DURING NEUTRALIZED DRIFT COMPRESSION OF INTENSE BEAM PULSES*

Abstract Neutralized drift compression offers an effective means for particle beam focusing and current amplification. In neutralized drift compression, a linear longitudinal velocity tilt is applied to the beam pulse, so that the beam pulse compresses as it drifts in the focusing section. The beam intensity can increase more than a factor of 100 in the longitudinal direction. We have performed an analytical study of how errors in the velocity tilt acquired by the beam in the induction bunching module limits the maximum longitudinal compression. It is found in general that the compression ratio is determined by the relative errors in the velocity tilt. That is, one-percent errors may limit the compression to a factor of one hundred. However, part of pulse where the errors are small may compress to much higher values determined by the initial thermal spread of the beam pulse

Centerscope

Centerscope, formerly Scope, was published by the Boston University Medical Center "to communicate the concern of the Medical Center for the development and maintenance of improved health care in contemporary society.

Challenges in Quantifying Air‐Water Carbon Dioxide Flux Using Estuarine Water Quality Data: Case Study for Chesapeake Bay

Estuaries play an uncertain but potentially important role in the global carbon cycle via CO2 outgassing. The uncertainty mainly stems from the paucity of studies that document the full spatial and temporal variability of estuarine surface water partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( p CO2). Here, we explore the potential of utilizing the abundance of pH data from historical water quality monitoring programs to fill the data void via a case study of the mainstem Chesapeake Bay (eastern United States). We calculate p CO2 and the air‐water CO2 flux at monthly resolution from 1998 to 2018 from tidal fresh to polyhaline waters, paying special attention to the error estimation. The biggest error is due to the pH measurement error, and errors due to the gas transfer velocity, temporal sampling, the alkalinity mixing model, and the organic alkalinity estimation are 72%, 27%, 15%, and 5%, respectively, of the error due to pH. Seasonal, interannual, and spatial variability in the air‐water flux and surface p CO2 is high, and a correlation analysis with oxygen reveals that this variability is driven largely by biological processes. Averaged over 1998–2018, the mainstem bay is a weak net source of CO2 to the atmosphere of 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) mol m−2 yr−1 (best estimate and 95% confidence interval). Our findings suggest that the abundance of historical pH measurements in estuaries around the globe should be mined in order to constrain the large spatial and temporal variability of the CO2 exchange between estuaries and the atmosphere

Acceptability and usage patterns of an image analysis workstation.

Critical to the successful deployment and use ofnew computer systems is the acceptance of the system by the users, i.e., the clinicians. We describe a study which evaluated, in an experimental setting, the potential acceptability of an image analysis workstation for radiation therapy. The acceptability and usage patterns were measured using semistructured questionnaires and maintaining logs of user interactions. The results ofthe study showed that the radiation oncologists, who were the subjects for the study, perceived the workstation as acceptable. The results also suggested several areas for improvement of workstation that could increase its acceptance in the clinical setting

Nonsteroidal antiâ inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol do not affect 6â month moodâ stabilizing treatment outcome among 482 patients with bipolar disorder

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136478/1/da22601_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136478/2/da22601.pd