3,063 research outputs found
Inverse energy cascade in ocean macroscopic turbulence: Kolmogorov self-similarity in surface drifter observations and Richardson-Obhukov constant
We combine two point velocity and position data from surface drifter
observations in the Benguela upwelling region off the coast of Namibia. The
compensated third order longitudinal velocity structure function
shows a positive plateau
for inertial separations roughly between and
revealing an inverse energy cascade with energy transfer rate
. Deviations from
Gaussianity of the corresponding probability distribution of two-point velocity increments for given pair
separation show up in the n antisymetric structure functions
, which scale in agreement with
Kolmogorov's prediction, , for . The
combination of with Richardson dispersion
, where is mean squared pair separation at time , reveals a
Richardson-Obhukov constant of .Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure
Beyond the random phase approximation in the Singwi-Sj\"olander theory of the half-filled Landau level
We study the Chern-Simons system and consider a self-consistent
field theory of the Singwi-Sj\"olander type which goes beyond the random phase
approximation (RPA). By considering the Heisenberg equation of motion for the
longitudinal momentum operator, we are able to show that the zero-frequency
density-density response function vanishes linearly in long wavelength limit
independent of any approximation. From this analysis, we derive a consistency
condition for a decoupling of the equal time density-density and
density-momentum correlation functions. By using the Heisenberg equation of
motion of the Wigner distribution function with a decoupling of the correlation
functions which respects this consistency condition, we calculate the response
functions of the system. In our scheme, we get a density-density
response function which vanishes linearly in the Coulomb case for
zero-frequency in the long wavelength limit. Furthermore, we derive the
compressibility, and the Landau energy as well as the Coulomb energy. These
energies are in better agreement to numerical and exact results, respectively,
than the energies calculated in the RPA.Comment: 9 Revtex pages, 4 eps figures, typos correcte
Hall field induced magnetoresistance oscillations of a two-dimensional electron system
We develop a model of the nonlinear response to a DC electrical current of a
two dimensional electron system(2DES) placed on a magnetic field. Based on the
exact solution of the Schroedinger equation in arbitrarily strong electric and
magnetic fields, and separating the relative and guiding center coordinates, a
Kubo-like formula for the current is worked out as a response to the impurity
scattering. Self-consistent expressions determine the longitudinal and Hall
components of the electric field in terms of the DC current. The differential
resistivity displays strong Hall field-induced oscillations, in agreement with
the main features of the phenomenon observed in recent experiments.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure
Magnetic field induced 3D to 1D crossover in type II superconductors
We review and analyze magnetization and specific heat investigations on
type-II superconductors which uncover remarkable evidence for the magnetic
field induced fnite size effect and the associated 3D to 1D crossover which
enhances thermal fluctuations.Comment: 26 pages, 19 figure
Lindemann Parameters for solid Membranes focused on Carbon Nanotubes
Temperature fluctuations in the normal direction of planar crystals such as
graphene are quite violent and may be expected to influence strongly their
melting properties. In particular, they will modify the Lindemann melting
criterium. We calculate this modification in a self-consistent Born
approximation. The result is applied to graphene and its wrapped version
represented by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). It is found that the
out-of-plane fluctuations dominate over the in-plane fluctuations. This makes
strong restrictions to possible Lindemann parameters. Astonishing we find that
these large out-of-plane fluctuations have only a small influence upon the
melting temperature.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, typos corrected, version published in PR
Guidance for laboratories performing molecular pathology for cancer patients
Molecular testing is becoming an important part of the diagnosis of any patient with cancer. The challenge to laboratories is to meet this need, using reliable methods and processes to ensure that patients receive a timely and accurate report on which their treatment will be based. The aim of this paper is to provide minimum requirements for the management of molecular pathology laboratories. This general guidance should be augmented by the specific guidance available for different tumour types and tests. Preanalytical considerations are important, and careful consideration of the way in which specimens are obtained and reach the laboratory is necessary. Sample receipt and handling follow standard operating procedures, but some alterations may be necessary if molecular testing is to be performed, for instance to control tissue fixation. DNA and RNA extraction can be standardised and should be checked for quality and quantity of output on a regular basis. The choice of analytical method(s) depends on clinical requirements, desired turnaround time, and expertise available. Internal quality control, regular internal audit of the whole testing process, laboratory accreditation, and continual participation in external quality assessment schemes are prerequisites for delivery of a reliable service. A molecular pathology report should accurately convey the information the clinician needs to treat the patient with sufficient information to allow for correct interpretation of the result. Molecular pathology is developing rapidly, and further detailed evidence-based recommendations are required for many of the topics covered here
Characterization of physical properties of a coastal upwelling filament with evidence of enhanced submesoscale activity and transition from balanced to unbalanced motions in the Benguela upwelling region
We combine high-resolution in situ data (acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), Scanfish, and surface drifters) and remote sensing to investigate the physical characteristics of a major filament observed in the Benguela upwelling region. The 30–50 km wide and about 400 km long filament persisted for at least 40 d. Mixed-layer depths were less than 40 m in the filament and over 60 m outside of it. Observations of the Rossby number Ro from the various platforms provide the spatial distribution of Ro for different resolutions. Remote sensing focuses on geostrophic motions of the region related to the mesoscale eddies that drive the filament formation and thereby reveals |Ro|<0.1. Ship-based measurements in the surface mixed layer reveal 0.5<|Ro|<1, indicating the presence of unbalanced, ageostrophic motions. Time series of Ro from triplets of surface drifters trapped within the filament confirm these relatively large Ro values and show a high variability along the filament. A scale-dependent analysis of Ro, which relies on the second-order velocity structure function, was applied to the latter drifter group and to another drifter group released in the upwelling zone. The two releases explored the area nearly distinctly and simultaneously and reveal that at small scales (<15 km) Ro values are twice as large in the filament in comparison to its environment with Ro>1 for scales smaller than ∼500 m. This suggests that filaments are hotspots of ageostrophic dynamics, pointing to the presence of a forward energy cascade. The different dynamics indicated by our Ro analysis are confirmed by horizontal kinetic energy wavenumber spectra, which exhibit a power law k−α with α∼5/3 for wavelengths 2π/k smaller than a transition scale of 15 km, supporting significant submesoscale energy at scales smaller than the first baroclinic Rossby radius (Ro1∼30 km). The detected transition scale is smaller than those found in regions with less mesoscale eddy energy, consistent with previous studies. We found evidence for the processes which drive the energy transfer to turbulent scales. Positive Rossby numbers (1) associated with cyclonic motion inhibit the occurrence of positive Ertel potential vorticity (EPV) and stabilize the water column. However, where the baroclinic component of EPV dominates, submesoscale instability analysis suggests that mostly gravitational instabilities occur and that symmetric instabilities may be important at the filament edges.</p
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