Hausdorff measure of arcs and Brownian motion on Brownian spatial trees

A Brownian spatial tree is defined to be a pair $(\mathcal{T},\phi)$, where $\mathcal{T}$ is the rooted real tree naturally associated with a Brownian excursion and φ is a random continuous function from $\mathcal{T}$ into ℝd such that, conditional on $\mathcal{T}$, φ maps each arc of $\mathcal{T}$ to the image of a Brownian motion path in ℝd run for a time equal to the arc length. It is shown that, in high dimensions, the Hausdorff measure of arcs can be used to define an intrinsic metric $d_{\mathcal{S}}$ on the set $\mathcal{S}:=\phi(\mathcal{T})$. Applications of this result include the recovery of the spatial tree $(\mathcal{T},\phi)$ from the set $\mathcal{S}$ alone, which implies in turn that a Dawson–Watanabe super-process can be recovered from its range. Furthermore, $d_{\mathcal{S}}$ can be used to construct a Brownian motion on $\mathcal{S}$, which is proved to be the scaling limit of simple random walks on related discrete structures. In particular, a limiting result for the simple random walk on the branching random walk is obtained

Machinery for the Adjustment of Disputes Under New Collective Agreements

Avhandlingen består av tre empiriska studier som undersöker effekten av socialt kapital för individernas arbetsmarknadsutfall, utifrån två huvudsakliga frågeställningar. För det första: Vilka individuella egenskaper, såsom utbildningsnivå, genus och ursprungsland, underlättar eller försvårar tillgång till socialt kapital? Här studeras den avkastning som socialt kapital genererar på arbetsmarknaden, jämfört med utbildning och arbetslivserfarenhet. För det andra analyseras vilken betydelse en stigmatiserad social identitet hos vissa invandrade har för tillgången till socialt kapital och i vilken grad ett ”underskott” av socialt kapital påverkar deras arbetsmarknadsutfall. Resultatet av de empiriska undersökningarna tyder på att invandrare och deras barn, efter kontroll för produktionsrelaterade variabler, har mindre tillgång till socialt kapital och därför sämre arbetsmarknadsutfall.This thesis consists of an introduction and three self-contained studies on the impact of social capital on individuals’ labour market outcomes. It focuses on labour market conditions for immigrants and their children in Sweden. The central research questions of the thesis are twofold. First, what individual characteristics, such as educational level, gender and country of origin, enhance or hinder access to social capital, and how well is social capital rewarded in the labour market compared with education and work experience? Second, does the stigmatized social identity of some immigrant groups affect their access to social capital, and to what degree does such a social capital ‘deficit’ affect their labour market outcomes? The results demonstrate that inequality between immigrants (and their children) and natives (and their children) in access to networks with valuable resources of social capital is an important issue in their labour market outcomes

The Canadian Role in Operation “Charnwood,” 8 July 1944: A Case Study in Tank/Infantry Doctrine and Practice

On the morning of 8 July 1944, soldiers of the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade (9 CIB) left their startlines near the Norman village of Vieux Cairon heading for Buron and Gruchy; two villages nearly 2,000 yards across open ground to the south. Their advance was part of Operation “Charnwood,” British I Corps’ final assault on Caen. By the end of the day most objectives were secured, and on 9 July Caen north of the Orne River and Canal was captured. General Dempsey, General Officer Commanding (GOC) British 2nd Army expressed his satisfaction, saying that the operations of 8 and 9 July were “well and cleanly carried out.” Troops of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division (3 CID) and the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade (2 CAB) shared in the victory no less than the British divisions that took part. “Charnwood” stands apart from other Canadian operations in Normandy because it was the only operation of its type undertaken by 3 CID and 2 CAB as complete formations. After “Charnwood” II Canadian Corps became operational, and the scale, tempo and expectations of operations altered considerably. The capture of Caen, therefore, affords insights into tactical doctrine that are obscured by later large-scale operations with more ambitious objectives. In particular, in this operation the Canadian armour and infantry defeated the Germans by employing tanks as direct-fire closesupport weapons. In fact, such intimate support had not been a part of Canadian tank/infantry doctrine since the introduction of the Sherman tank in 1943. Instead, since the fall of 1943 armoured units were told specifically to work to the enemy’s flanks and support by fire, not by participating in the close infantry battle. The fighting on 8 July indicates that in this instance at least, Canadian troops won in spite of the prevailing doctrine and not because of it