Landslide databases in the Geological Surveys of Europe

Acceso electrónico sólo desde el IGMELandslides are one of the most widespread geohazards in Europe, producing significant social and economic impacts. Rapid population growth in urban areas throughout many countries in Europe and extreme climatic scenarios can considerably increase landslide risk in the near future. Variability exists between European countries in both the statutory treatment of landslide risk and the use of official assessment guidelines. This suggests that a European Landslides Directive that provides a common legal framework for dealing with landslides is necessary. With this long-term goal in mind, this work analyzes the landslide databases from the Geological Surveys of Europe focusing on their interoperability and completeness. The same landslide classification could be used for the 849,543 landslide records from the Geological Surveys, from which 36% are slides, 10% are falls, 20% are flows, 11% are complex slides, and 24% either remain unclassified or correspond to another typology. Most of them are mapped with the same symbol at a scale of 1:25,000 or greater, providing the necessary information to elaborate European-scale susceptibility maps for each landslide type. A landslide density map was produced for the available records from the Geological Surveys (LANDEN map) showing, for the first time, 210,544 km2 landslide-prone areas and 23,681 administrative areas where the Geological Surveys from Europe have recorded landslides. The comparison of this map with the European landslide susceptibility map (ELSUS 1000 v1) is successful for most of the territory (69.7%) showing certain variability between countries. This comparison also permitted the identification of 0.98 Mkm2 (28.9%) of landslide-susceptible areas without records from the Geological Surveys, which have been used to evaluate the landslide database completeness. The estimated completeness of the landslide databases (LDBs) from the Geological Surveys is 17%, varying between 1 and 55%. This variability is due to the different landslide strategies adopted by each country. In some of them, landslide mapping is systematic; others only record damaging landslides, whereas in others, landslide maps are only available for certain regions or local areas. Moreover, in most of the countries, LDBs from the Geological Surveys co-exist with others owned by a variety of public institutions producing LDBs at variable scales and formats. Hence, a greater coordination effort should be made by all the institutions working in landslide mapping to increase data integration and harmonization.Earth Observation and Geohazards Expert Group (EOEG), EuroGeoSurveys, the Geological Surveys of Europe, BélgicaGeohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, EspañaRisk and Prevention Division, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, FranciaEngineering Geology Department, Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, GreciaGeoHazard team, Geological Institute of Romania, RumaníaGeological Survey of Slovenia, EsloveniaCroatian Geological Survey, CroaciaItalian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Geological Survey of Italy, ItaliaSwiss Federal Office for the Environment, SuizaGeological Survey of Austria, AustriaPolish Geological Institute, National Research Institute, PoloniaGeological Survey of Ireland, IrlandaCzech Geological Survey, República ChecaFederal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, AlemaniaGeological Survey of Norway, NoruegaCyprus Geological Survey, ChipreGeological Survey of Sweden, SueciaInstitut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya, EspañaBritish Geological Survey, Reino UnidoGeological Survey of Slovakia, EslovaquiaGeological Survey of Lithuania, LituaniaFederalni zavod za geologiju, Bosnia y HerzegovinaGeological Survey of Estonia, EstoniaLaboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, PortugalGeological Survey of Hungary, HungríaNorwegian Water and energy Directorate of Norway, Norueg

Development and validation of RP- HPLC method for determination of Primaquine in extended release tablets

Un método de cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia (HPLC) fue desarrollado y validado para la determinación de difosfato de primaquina (PQ) en tabletas de liberación prolongada. Los parámetros de la validación dieron buenos resultados e incluyen: rango, linealidad, precisión, exactitud, especificidad y límites de detección y cuantificación. La separación en HPLC fue llevada a cabo con una columna C y una fase móvil compuesta de acetonitrilo, metanol, ácido perclórico 1M y agua, bombeados isocráticamente a un flujo de 1,0 ml/min, detección a 254 nm. La técnica propuesta demuestra ser apropiada para el análisis de rutina y ensayos de control de calidad de PQ en tabletas de liberación prolongada.A RP-HPLC method was developed and validated to quantify primaquine diphosphate in extended release tablets. The validation parameters yielded good results and included the range, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, detection and quantification limits. Isocratic chromatography was performed on a C column with a mobile phase composed by acetonitrile, methanol, 1 M perchloric acid and water, at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min using UV detection at 254 nm. The proposed technique demonstrated to be appropriate for routine analysis and quality control assays of PQ in extended release tablets.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Audio steganography using wavelet transforms for digital audio authentication

In this paper, a system for detecting copied music files using digital audio steganography is presented. The system has two components: the ASTEG (Audio Steganography) Embedder and the ASTEG Player. The encrypted covert data is embedded into the coefficients of host audio (cover signal) in integer wavelet domain using the ASTEG Embedder, producing a new protected audio signal (stego file). Whenever the stego file is attempted to be accessed through the ASTEG Player, the covert data is retrieved and compared with the existing file properties. When changes are detected with the file property, which is the case when the file is altered or copied, the audio file is flagged as COPIED and will not be accessed by the ASTEG Player. The protected stego signal has a near-original music quality, as proven by the average MOS of -0.2875 (Slightly perceptible but not annoying) and the average SNR of 5.9564 dB for the eight common music genres, BER of 0 (Data was extracted without error) and MSE of 0.3213 (Very minimal error between the original file and stego file). This system is recommended to be incorporated in the music production system and music players in the market to prevent patronage of illegally copied music files