Evaluaci?n de las relaciones comerciales entre fabricantes y distribuidores del canal de distribuci?n de ladrillos cer?micos en Lima Metropolitana

Las relaciones comerciales en el canal de distribuci?n han evolucionado, por ello analizamos los factores que determinan las relaciones comerciales entre fabricantes y distribuidores. El objetivo principal se basa en el estudio de los principales factores que intervienen en las relaciones comerciales entre fabricante y distribuidor, para determinar si existe relaci?n entre ellas y su implicancia en el entorno empresarial. Esta es una tesis cuantitativa descriptiva y correlacional, nuestra poblaci?n de estudio fueron los fabricantes de ladrillos cer?micos en Lima Metropolitana y los due?os de dep?sitos que venden agregados de construcci?n. Los resultados confirman muchas de las hip?tesis del modelo, validando la relaci?n directa entre los factores: Inversiones en activos espec?ficos y la dependencia, la inversi?n en activos espec?ficos y el comportamiento oportunista, la dependencia y la percepci?n oportunista, la confianza y la satisfacci?n no econ?mica directa, el compromiso y la satisfacci?n no econ?mica y la satisfacci?n econ?mica con la no econ?mica. Adem?s de ello, valid? la relaci?n inversa entre la percepci?n oportunista y la confianza. Finalmente se realizar?n recomendaciones para el fabricante de ladrillos cer?micos, planteando la incursi?n en mercados no explorados, diversificar su producci?n y tomar otras medidas para combatir el incumplimiento de pago y la informalidad

Scientific, sustainability and regulatory challenges of cultured meat

Producing meat without the drawbacks of conventional animal agriculture would greatly contribute to future food and nutrition security. This Review Article covers biological, technological, regulatory and consumer acceptance challenges in this developing field of biotechnology. Cellular agriculture is an emerging branch of biotechnology that aims to address issues associated with the environmental impact, animal welfare and sustainability challenges of conventional animal farming for meat production. Cultured meat can be produced by applying current cell culture practices and biomanufacturing methods and utilizing mammalian cell lines and cell and gene therapy products to generate tissue or nutritional proteins for human consumption. However, significant improvements and modifications are needed for the process to be cost efficient and robust enough to be brought to production at scale for food supply. Here, we review the scientific and social challenges in transforming cultured meat into a viable commercial option, covering aspects from cell selection and medium optimization to biomaterials, tissue engineering, regulation and consumer acceptance

Integrating the weight of history into the alignment framework: the case of distributed generation technologies

Whereas a centralized energy supply system is still dominant today, the energy sector is currently witnessing the development of small-scale and more geographically dispersed generation units, so-called distributed generation technologies. So-called "alignment framework" proposes a very useful approach to look at this evolution. Yet, we argue in this paper that this framework does not fully take into account the inertia associated with past technological and institutional choices that may hinder future changes. Relying on the concept of socio-technical lock-in, we illustrate this point with the case of the diffusion of distributed generation technologies. Based on this analysis, we propose an adaptation of the alignment framework to integrate these elements

How to Manage Frail Older Adults in the Community? Proposal of a Health Promotion Program Experienced in a City of 16,638 Inhabitants in France

BACKGROUND: Health promotion programs could prevent and delay frailty and functional decline. However, in practice, the planning and establishment of such a program is a challenge for health care providers. We report an experimental model of screening and management for frail elderly conducted in Cugnaux, city of 16,638 inhabitants in France, by the Toulouse Gerontopole and the social care service of the Cugnaux City Hall. METHODS: A frailty screening self-administered questionnaire (FiND questionnaire) was sent to community-dwelling residents of 70 years old and over of Cugnaux. The completed questionnaires were analyzed and the subjects were classed into three groups: robust, frail, mobility disability, based on their score. Frail subjects and those with mobility disability invited to undergo a frailty assessment in the premises of the town hall realized by a nurse in order to identify the causes of their frailty and propose them a personalized intervention plan (PIP). RESULTS: The FiND questionnaire was sent to the residents of Cugnaux of 70 years old and over (n=2,003). After two mailings, 860 (42.9%) completed questionnaires were received. Mean age of the responders was 79.0 \ub1 6.2 years and 59.6% women (n= 511). According to the questionnaires analysis, 393 (45.7%) were robust, 212 (24.6%) frail, 240 (27.9%) had a mobility disability and 15 (1.7%) could not be classified due to missing data. 589 (68.5%) subjects accepted to be contacted by the Gerontopole nurse. The assessment by the nurse was proposed to frail subjects and those with mobility disability (n=313). Until 31 December 2016, 136 patients have been evaluated. The mean age was 80.1\ub15.4 and most patients were women (69.9%). The mean ADL score was 5.8\ub10.5 and the IADL showed a mean score of 6.9\ub11.7. According to Fried definition of frailty, 76 patients (55.9%) were pre-frail, and 35 (25.7%) frail. Concerning the frailty domains identified, 75 patients (55.1%) showed the alteration of physical performance, 70 (51.5%) thymic disorders and 46 (33.8%) sensory disorders. Preventive interventions proposed in the PIP were mostly physical interventions (86.8%, n=118) followed by cognitive (61.8%, n=84) and nutritional (39.7%, n=54) interventions. DISCUSSION: This project shows the feasibility to implement a care model in the community. It permitted a large identification of frail elderly people in the city population, insuring their assessment and clinical follow up to maintain their capacities and referring them to social services