Atomic layer deposition: Low temperature process well adapted to ULSI and TFT technologies

The high k dielectrics is an important materials to be integrate in future Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) and future TFT technology. Indeed, to keep on the Moore\u27s Law curve, the reduction of silicon oxide (SiO2) thickness still required, but this reduction is hindered by tunneling current leakage limit. Consequently, it is important to replace SiO2 by another materials with high dielectric constant. The use of this material in manufacturing of gate dielectric in Thin-film transistor (TFT) and in Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) will increase gate capacitance with maintaining a low leakage current. Titanium dioxide is a good candidate due to its high dielectric constant in its rutile crystalline phase (180).This rutile structure is obtained at low temperature (250°C) by ALD deposition when TiO2 is deposited on ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) layer thanks to the small lattice mismatch between these two materials

A Numerical Simulation Approach for Sunspot Area Calculation

The aim of this paper is the numerical simulation of the sunspot area (SSA) and its location on the walls and on the floor of a room with a single window facing south. The input parameters of the calculation code are the geometry of the cell located in the site of Ksar Challala (35.1 N, 2.19 E, 800 m) in Algeria for the 21st of March, June and December. The SSA is a function of the window’s area, the date and time, the orientation of the room, the altitude and the azimuth of the sun. The obtained results show that the western wall is affected by the sun in the morning, the eastern wall in the afternoon, the floor and the north wall in the middle of the day. By increasing the window area from 1 m2 to 2 m2 we found that the SSA increases considerably

Mode - Modalité (linguistique)

Ces notions, issues de la tradition grammaticale occidentale et fortement réinvesties par la linguistique moderne, sont à la fois essentielles et très polysémiques, avec des définitions, des approches et des objets mêmes extrêmement divers selon les périodes et les courants théoriques. On renverra sur ce sujet aux grands outils francophones de la linguistique, notamment : Marouzeau (p. 147, sous « Modal » et « Mode ») ; Mounin : (p. 147, sous « Mode » et « Modal ») ; Dubois et al. (p. 319-321..

Kerkur

Ce terme, d’origine berbère mais largement passé en arabe dialectal (surtout au Maroc, avec vélo-pharyngalisation des « r » : [keṛkûṛ]), désigne les tas de pierres constitués par les voyageurs et pèlerins en certains lieux caractéristiques, à forte charge symbolique : cols, croisements de chemins, lieux où a été commis un crime... Le voyageur, pour conjurer le mauvais sort et/ou les forces maléfiques qui habitent le lieu, jette ou dispose un/des caillou(s) supplémentaire (s). Ce rite, déjà pr..

The genetic basis of thyroid function: Novel findings and new approaches

Context: Genetic factors are major determinants of thyroid function. Over the last two decades,multiple genetic variants have been associated with variations in normal range thyroid functiontests. Most recently, a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) doubled the number ofknown variants associated with normal range thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels.Evidence Acquisition: This review summarizes the results of genetic association studies onnormal range thyroid function and explores how these genetic variants can be used in futurestudies to improve our understanding of thyroid hormone regulation and disease.Evidence Synthesis: Serum TSH and FT4 levels are determined by multiple genetic variantson virtually all levels of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Functional followup studies on top of GWAS hits has the potential to discover new key players in thyroidhormone regulation, as exemplified by the identification of the thyroid hormone transporterSLC17A4 and the metabolizing enzyme AADAT. Translational studies may use these geneticvariants to investigate causal associations between thyroid function and various outcomes inMendelian Randomization (MR) studies, to identify individuals with an increased risk of thyroiddysfunction, and to predict the individual HPT axis setpoint.Conclusions: Recent genetic studies have greatl

Beni Snous

Extrait de Géographie de l’Afrique du Nord-Ouest (J. Despois et A. Raynal) Le groupe berbérophone des Beni Snous occupe la Ghaba occidentale, c’est-à-dire l’ensemble des plateaux calcaires de la Haute Tafna à l’ouest-sud-ouest de Tlemcen. La Ghaba est un milieu rude : suffisamment arrosé dans son ensemble (600 à 700 mm) mais froid, avec 10 à 20 chutes de neige par an, des gelées nombreuses, parfois de longues périodes sèches et du siroco. La forêt est plus utile comme pâturage que comme fourn..

Reliability centered maintenance optimization for power distribution systems

a b s t r a c t Today's electricity distribution systems operate in a liberalized market. These systems should therefore be able to provide electricity to customers with a high degree of reliability and be cost-effective for suppliers. RCM (Reliability Centred Maintenance) was invented by the aircraft industry in the 1960s, to organize the increasing need for maintenance for reducing costs without reducing b safety. Today RCMmethods invented by ALADON [1] are seen as very complex and are not fully accepted by the Algerian power industry. The extensive need of human and capital resources in the introduction phase is also a negative factor that could be one of the reasons of why RCM methods are not used in our branch. This article provides a discussion of the two primary objectives of RCM: to ensure safety through preventive maintenance actions, and, when safety is not a concern, preserve functionality in the most economical manner. For the power distribution systems facilities, the mission should be considered at the same level as safety

Meẓrag, ameẓreg, ameẓrag, “lance, javelot, protection...”

Voir notice « Amour » (amur), EB, IV, 1987, p. 604-605. Ce mot kabyle, largement attesté dans le Maroc berbère (voir infra), a été rendu célèbre par le surnom de l’un des fils d’El-Mokrani, l’un des chefs de la révolte kabyle de 1871, Ahmed Boumezrag (bu-meẓrag), « l’homme à la lance » (voir notice Mokrani*/At Meqq°ran*). Les premiers descripteurs de la Kabylie soulignent tous l’importance et la fonction de ameẓreg, “la lance”, dans les relations inter-tribales, notamment pour ce qui est de l..