104 research outputs found

    Formation et évolution de quelques cétoacides et aldéhydes dans les usines de traitement d'eau potable comportant une étape d'ozonation

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    Les Ă©tapes de dĂ©sinfection de l'eau, telles que l'ozonation et la chloration, gĂ©nĂšrent des sous-produits d'oxydation de nature variĂ©e. Ces composĂ©s sont soupçonnĂ©s d'ĂȘtre toxiques Ă  plus ou moins long terme. Certains d'entre eux sont, de plus, facilement biodĂ©gradables et favorisent donc une reviviscence bactĂ©rienne dans le rĂ©seau de distribution. Enfin, Ă  cause de leurs caractĂ©ristiques organoleptiques, ils peuvent conduire Ă  la dĂ©tĂ©rioration de la qualitĂ© sensorielle de l'eau distribuĂ©e. La recherche de plusieurs sous-produits d'oxydation dans l'eau potable a pu ĂȘtre effectuĂ©e grĂące Ă  de nouvelles techniques d'analyse quantitative par chromatographie en phase gazeuse: il s'agit des aldĂ©hydes et des cĂ©tones de faible poids molĂ©culaire, des acides haloacĂ©tiques et de certains cĂ©to-acides. Ces composĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© recherchĂ©s dans des usines comportant une Ă©tape d'ozonation. L'influence de ce traitement sur la formation des aldĂ©hydes et des cĂ©to-acides est dĂ©montrĂ©e dans cette Ă©tude. L'ozonation multiplie la concentration totale d'aldĂ©hydes par un facteur variant de 2 Ă  4 suivant les usines et les trois cĂ©to-acides recherchĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©s en quantitĂ©s importantes dans des eaux ozonĂ©es. La filtration sur charbon, lorsqu'elle existe, s'avĂšre efficace pour l'Ă©limination de ces composĂ©s. Les trois acides chloroacĂ©tiques sont prĂ©sents dans des eaux chlorĂ©es, en sortie d'usines appliquant des taux de chloration assez importants. Enfin, I'Ă©volution de ces sous-produits d'oxydation tout au long d'un rĂ©seau de distribution a pu ĂȘtre expliquĂ©e par leur biodĂ©gradabilitĂ©.New regulations are being considered by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) concerning a variety of disinfection by-products formed during chlorination and ozonation (halonitriles, haloketones, haloacids, low molecular weight aldehydes...) and many surveys are underway to assess the presence of such products in drinking waters. This renewed interest for disinfection byproducts (DBPs) arises from their suspected carcinogenic or mutagenic properties. In addition to possible long term health effects, specific disinfection by-products may also induce immediate water quality deterioration due to their objectionable organoleptic properties. Biodegradable DBP's also probably contribute a substantial proportion of the biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC).As far as oxidation disinfection practices in France are concerned, the use of ozone is frequent. Also, most major French treatment plants include an activated carbon filtration process which is likely to remove some of the DBPs as well as some of their precursors. This paper summarizes the results obtained along various treatment plants in the Paris area, concerning three major families of DBPs considered for regulation: the DBPs investigated include 30 aldehydes and ketones, chloroacetic acids and 3 ketoacids. The aldehydes and ketones were measured by GC-ECD or GC-MS after derivatization with PFBHA; the chloroacetic acids were measured using a micro extraction method with methyltertiobutylether followed by diazomethane methylation and GC-ECD or GC-MS; the six plants investigated in the Paris area treat surface water from the river Seine upstream of Paris (Morsang, Vigneux, Orly, Ivry) or groundwater which is artificially recharged with Seine river water downstream of Paris (Le Pecq, Aubergenville). The Alençon plant which is located outside the Paris area treats raw water from the Sarthe river plus groundwater from various wells. All the treatment lines studied include an ozonation step which is followed at some plants (Morsang, Ivry, Vigneux, Le Pecq-Minor) by a granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration. The treatment line investigated at Vigneux used an ozone/hydrogen peroxide combination as an oxidation step. Three of these treatment lines (Morsang, Le Pecq-Minor, Alençon) comprise a prechlorination step; the other plants only use chlorination as a final disinfection step.The study compares the total concentration of aldehydes detected before and after ozonation as well as after GAC filtration. Approximately half of this total is usually due to formaldehyde while acetaldehyde, glyoxal and methylglyoxal represent most of the remainder. These concentrations which initially range from 1 to 25 ”g/l show a drastic increase after ozonation. Depending on the water DOC and ozonation conditions, the total level of aldehydes is multiplied by a factor of 2 to 4. The final chlorine disinfection step used at all these plants does not significantly influence the total concentration of the aldehydes, therefore the level of these DBPs at the outlet of the plants is mainly determined by the ozonation or ozone/GAC filtration steps.The three aldo and ketoacids analysed were glyoxylic acid, pyruvic acid and ketomalonic acid. They were detected in ozonated water with total concentrations which range from 65 to 80 ”g/l. Glyoxylic acid alone, represents half of these quantities.Chloroacetic acids were not detected at the outlet of the plants which are supplied by groundwater (Le Pecq-Minor, Aubergenville) and which apply a low chlorine dose (0.1- 0.2 ppm) as a final disinfection stop. Although the Morsang treatment line investigated applies a low prechlorination dose ([smaller or equal] 1 ppm) in addition to the low postchlorination dose, no haloacids were detected at the outlet, which is agreement with the low levels of trihalomethanes usually detected at this plant. The absence of haloacids at the outlet of this plant can be attributed to the efficiency of the ozone/GAC combination as well as to the low prechlorination dose applied. Haloacids were only detected at the outlet of the Orly, Ivry and Alençon plants which apply a rather high chlorine dose during the final disinfection stop (between 0.8 and 2.2 ppm) in order to maintain a residual in the distribution system. Typical levels of haloacids are found between 10 and 35 ”g/l, mainly under the form of dichloro and trichloroacetic acid.To summarize, the levels of the specific DBPs investigated remain well below their individual WHO recommendations (respectively 50, 100 and 900 ”g/1 for dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid and formaldehyde). Unless more drastic national regulations are implemented, the interest in the fate of these DBP's mainly lies in their possible secondary effects such as enhancement of bacterial regrowth in distribution systems or degradation of drinking water organoleptic properties

    Evaluation de la pollution de l'eau par les Ethers de glycol (Eg)

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    Les Eg sont des substances largement utilisées dans les produits domestiques et industriels. Certains sont des toxiques, principalement de la reproduction et du sang. Leur présence dans les milieux aqueux a été peu recherchée, car leur polarité fait que les méthodes classiques sont inadéquates pour les détecter. Une méthode d'extraction de type SPME (Solid Phase Micro Extraction), couplée avec une analyse CG/FID ou CG/SM a été mise au point et utilisée pour évaluer la pollution dans un certain nombre de milieux aquatiques. Le traitement dans les stations diminue fortement la pollution de l'eau, mais certains pics de pollution subsistent. Les indications relatives à la pollution des nappes montrent qu'une étude plus systématique est nécessaire, notamment autour de décharges ayant reçu des déchets contenant des Eg

    Pharmaceutical Formulation Facilities as Sources of Opioids and Other Pharmaceuticals to Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents

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    Facilities involved in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products are an under-investigated source of pharmaceuticals to the environment. Between 2004 and 2009, 35 to 38 effluent samples were collected from each of three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in New York and analyzed for seven pharmaceuticals including opioids and muscle relaxants. Two WWTPs (NY2 and NY3) receive substantial flows (>20% of plant flow) from pharmaceutical formulation facilities (PFF) and one (NY1) receives no PFF flow. Samples of effluents from 23 WWTPs across the United States were analyzed once for these pharmaceuticals as part of a national survey. Maximum pharmaceutical effluent concentrations for the national survey and NY1 effluent samples were generally <1 ÎŒg/L. Four pharmaceuticals (methadone, oxycodone, butalbital, and metaxalone) in samples of NY3 effluent had median concentrations ranging from 3.4 to >400 ÎŒg/L. Maximum concentrations of oxycodone (1700 ÎŒg/L) and metaxalone (3800 ÎŒg/L) in samples from NY3 effluent exceeded 1000 ÎŒg/L. Three pharmaceuticals (butalbital, carisoprodol, and oxycodone) in samples of NY2 effluent had median concentrations ranging from 2 to 11 ÎŒg/L. These findings suggest that current manufacturing practices at these PFFs can result in pharmaceuticals concentrations from 10 to 1000 times higher than those typically found in WWTP effluents

    Influence de la prise en compte des rendements d'extraction sur les résultats d'analyse de pesticides dans les eaux potables

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    Cet article discute des consĂ©quences de l'amĂ©lioration des techniques analytiques sur la dĂ©tection des pesticides dans les eaux potables. La diminution continue des limites de dĂ©tection et l'augmentation du nombre de pesticides recherchĂ©s par la mise en place de mĂ©thodes multirĂ©sidus ont conduit Ă  un accroissement du nombre de pesticides dĂ©tectĂ©s. D'un point de vue quantitatif, les diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes d'une analyse pouvant conduire Ă  une perte des analytes et donc Ă  un rendement incomplet, sont discutĂ©es. Les premiĂšres mĂ©thodes normalisĂ©es n'exigeaient pas de corriger la concentration mesurĂ©e par ce rendement. Cette exigence est apparue avec la norme AFNOR T 90-121 dĂ©crivant l'analyse des triazines. Elle a Ă©tĂ© ensuite reprise dans les mĂ©thodes normalisĂ©es ultĂ©rieures et adoptĂ©e progressivement par les laboratoires jusqu'Ă  son incorporation dĂ©finitive dans la lĂ©gislation Française par le biais d'une circulaire de 2003 destinĂ©e aux laboratoires rĂ©alisant les analyses de contrĂŽle rĂ©glementaire de l'eau potable. Des exemples de variations de rendements observĂ©es pour 9 pesticides mesurĂ©s par 6 mĂ©thodes diffĂ©rentes, sont prĂ©sentĂ©s. Les consĂ©quences sur les rĂ©sultats reportĂ©s sont discutĂ©es. Un exemple d'effet de matrice dĂ» Ă  un contenu Ă©levĂ© en matiĂšres organiques et conduisant Ă  des rendements significativement plus bas lors de l'analyse d'une eau naturelle par une mĂ©thode d'extraction liquide solide (SPE)-HPLC-UV, en comparaison avec une eau souterraine, est Ă©galement prĂ©sentĂ©. Ce type d'effet devrait ĂȘtre mineur pour les eaux potables respectant la limite de COD Ă  2 mg/l, mais reste Ă  rĂ©soudre pour les eaux brutes

    Etude de cas d'élimination de composés organiques dans des usines de production d'eau potable : réalimentations artificielles de nappes, traitements d'eaux de surface et d'eaux souterraines

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    Trois types de traitements ont été décrits : un traitement d'eau de surface comprenant une préozonation ou une préchloration couplée à une flottation, un procédé de réalimentation artificielle de nappe et un traitement d'eau souterraine avec nitrification, ozonation, filtration sur charbon actif en grains et désinfection par le chlore. Les analyses spécifiques de matiÚres organiques par chromatographie gazeuse et spectrométrie de masse font appel à des échantillons composites réalisés sur la site par des appareils de prélÚvement ou d'extraction automatiques. Les filtres de nitrification biologique conduisent à une bonne élimination des solvants chlorés par aération, tandis que la combinaison ozone-charbon permet d'éliminer de nombreux composés toxiques ou indésirables. Des phénomÚnes de relargage sur les filtres de nitrification biologique ou de charbon actif ont été également mis en évidence

    Determination of structure and origin of refractory organic matter in bio-epurated wastewater via spectroscopic methods. comparison of conventional and ozonation treatments

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    6 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, 23 references.With the widely used activated sludge treatment most of the organic matter (OM) of wastewater can be removed, but the composition and origin of the refractory OM in treated water are poorly known. The structures occurring in treated water are more difficult to elucidate than those of the OM originally present in wastewater, since the classical hydrolysis−chromatography methods are not suitable for the analysis of such samples. 13C and 15N solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), liquid-state 1H NMR and infrared (IR) were used in the present study. A treatment procedure including a stage of ozonation of the sludge, used to reduce the sludge production, was studied along with a conventional treatment line. The OM in the water treated through the ozonated line was mainly composed of proteins and sugars moieties, while the aliphatic compounds dominant in the wastewater were efficiently removed. The conventional treatment was more efficient in terms of OM removal but led to the formation and/or enrichment of unknown products with high oxidation and branching levels. These products contained CO groups, while the nitrogen was found in amide groups, refractory to the treatment.Peer reviewe
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