39 research outputs found

    Lobbying Systems in the European Union: A Quantitative Study

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    This paper presents and tests a micro-theoretical model of EU lobbying across policy domains. In particular, we focus on two questions: first, we want to know why the number of interest representatives differs across policy domains and, second, we investigate why we find institutionalized fora for interest representation in some policy domains but not in others. Our argument focuses on the Commission's need for expert information and its costs of managing contacts with a large number of interest representatives. Both factors provide incentives for the Commission to create restricted-access fora as the number of interest representatives increases. Using cross-sectional data on interest representation in a wide range of policy domains, we find some support for our hypotheses.In diesem Artikel entwickeln und testen wir ein mikrotheoretisches Modell, das zur ErklĂ€rung der Interessenvertretung in verschiedenen Politikfeldern in der EuropĂ€ischen Union beitrĂ€gt. Dabei stehen zwei erkenntnisleitende Fragen im Vordergrund: Was beeinflusst die Zahl der Interessenvertreter in verschiedenen Politikfeldern? Und weshalb richtet die EU-Kommission in einigen Politikfeldern Foren mit beschrĂ€nktem Zugang fĂŒr Interessenvertreter ein? Unsere ErklĂ€rung basiert auf der Beobachtung, dass der Expertisebedarf der Kommission hauptsĂ€chlich durch Interessenvertreter gedeckt wird, dass aber die Interaktion mit einer großen Zahl von Interessenvertretern der Kommission Kosten (unter anderem Informationskosten) verursacht. Beide Beobachtungen fĂŒhren unseres Erachtens dazu, dass die Kommission Foren mit beschrĂ€nktem Zugang einfĂŒhrt, wenn die Zahl der Interessenvertreter ein bestimmtes Maß ĂŒberschreitet. Wir vollziehen einen ersten Test unserer Hypothesen mit Querschnittsdaten der Interessenvertretung in verschiedenen EU-Politikfeldern, und finden unsere Erwartungen zumindest teilweise erfĂŒllt.Introduction Micro and macro studies of lobbying Why are there more lobbyists in some policy domains than in others? Empirically testing the first two hypotheses Why are there more interest representation fora in some policy domains than in others? Empirically testing hypotheses three and four Discussion Conclusion Data Appendix Reference

    Interest representation in the EU: an open and structured dialogue?

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    Since 1992, the European Commission has sought to build ‘An Open and Structured Dialogue’ with interest groups, and since 2001 a broader ‘Dialogue with Civil Society’. A core feature of this dialogue involves instruments of transparency, and pluralism, with funding to ensure the presence of a wide range of voices. Consultation procedures provide for a ‘marketplace of ideas’ which simulate political competition and contestation, with a ‘voice but not a vote’, and which are supposed to provide for answerability by the European Commission for its policy choices. The European Commission also selects its allies to support its regulatory proposals, with NGOs frequent allies as well as firms and business sectors supporting higher standards. The EU’s fragmented decision-making system helps to provide a naturally pluralist environment, although some recent research suggests that NGOs are more likely to be successful in securing their policy goals than business organizations. NGOs work mostly in coalitions, with the size of coalition a factor in lobbying success. The saliency of issues is another substantial feature of variation in lobbying success and where NGOs can raise the contention of issues they can bring wider participation in EU issues

    Stimmensplitting und Koalitionswahl

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    Hat sich die UnabhĂ€ngigkeitsstrategie der FDP bei der letzten Bundestagswahl ausgezahlt? WĂ€re die FDP erfolgreicher gewesen, wenn sie im Vorfeld klar signalisiert hĂ€tte, dass man eine Koalition mit der Union anstrebt? Wie war das bei den GrĂŒnen, die ja im Gegensatz zur FDP keine Zweifel aufkommen ließen? NatĂŒrlich können wir nicht wie in einer Simulation oder einem Experiment einfach den Wahlkampf wiederholen und noch einmal wĂ€hlen lassen. Um eine befriedigende Antwort auf diese Frage zu finden, vergleichen wir den Kontext der Bundestagswahl 2002 mit den zurĂŒckliegenden Bundestagswahlen. Aus dem LĂ€ngsschnittvergleich versuchen wir RĂŒckschlĂŒsse auf den substanziellen Einfluss von strategischem Stimmensplitting im Sinne einer Koalitionswahl auf das Wahlergebnis gerade der kleinen Parteien zu ziehen. Um unsere Forschungsfrage zu beantworten und substanzielle SchlĂŒsse ziehen zu können, muss zuerst klar sein, in welcher Form und warum Stimmensplitting relevant sein kann, welche Rolle dabei Koalitionsabsprachen vor einer jeden Wahl spielen und, schließlich, welche alternativen ErklĂ€rungsmöglichkeiten die Literatur zum Thema Stimmensplitting und strategischem WĂ€hlen anzubieten hat. Nur wenn wir auch die Wirkung alternativer und zum Teil konkurrierender Hypothesen zulassen, können wir unserer Schlußfolgerungen sicher sein

    Corporate philanthropy, political influence, and health policy

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    Background The Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC) provides a basis for nation states to limit the political effects of tobacco industry philanthropy, yet progress in this area is limited. This paper aims to integrate the findings of previous studies on tobacco industry philanthropy with a new analysis of British American Tobacco's (BAT) record of charitable giving to develop a general model of corporate political philanthropy that can be used to facilitate implementation of the FCTC. Method Analysis of previously confidential industry documents, BAT social and stakeholder dialogue reports, and existing tobacco industry document studies on philanthropy. Results The analysis identified six broad ways in which tobacco companies have used philanthropy politically: developing constituencies to build support for policy positions and generate third party advocacy; weakening opposing political constituencies; facilitating access and building relationships with policymakers; creating direct leverage with policymakers by providing financial subsidies to specific projects; enhancing the donor's status as a source of credible information; and shaping the tobacco control agenda by shifting thinking on the importance of regulating the market environment for tobacco and the relative risks of smoking for population health. Contemporary BAT social and stakeholder reports contain numerous examples of charitable donations that are likely to be designed to shape the tobacco control agenda, secure access and build constituencies. Conclusions and Recommendations Tobacco companies' political use of charitable donations underlines the need for tobacco industry philanthropy to be restricted via full implementation of Articles 5.3 and 13 of the FCTC. The model of tobacco industry philanthropy developed in this study can be used by public health advocates to press for implementation of the FCTC and provides a basis for analysing the political effects of charitable giving in other industry sectors which have an impact on public health such as alcohol and food

    The Policy Dystopia Model:an interpretive analysis of tobacco industry political activity

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    BACKGROUND: Tobacco industry interference has been identified as the greatest obstacle to the implementation of evidence-based measures to reduce tobacco use. Understanding and addressing industry interference in public health policy-making is therefore crucial. Existing conceptualisations of corporate political activity (CPA) are embedded in a business perspective and do not attend to CPA's social and public health costs; most have not drawn on the unique resource represented by internal tobacco industry documents. Building on this literature, including systematic reviews, we develop a critically informed conceptual model of tobacco industry political activity. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We thematically analysed published papers included in two systematic reviews examining tobacco industry influence on taxation and marketing of tobacco; we included 45 of 46 papers in the former category and 20 of 48 papers in the latter (n = 65). We used a grounded theory approach to build taxonomies of "discursive" (argument-based) and "instrumental" (action-based) industry strategies and from these devised the Policy Dystopia Model, which shows that the industry, working through different constituencies, constructs a metanarrative to argue that proposed policies will lead to a dysfunctional future of policy failure and widely dispersed adverse social and economic consequences. Simultaneously, it uses diverse, interlocking insider and outsider instrumental strategies to disseminate this narrative and enhance its persuasiveness in order to secure its preferred policy outcomes. Limitations are that many papers were historical (some dating back to the 1970s) and focused on high-income regions. CONCLUSIONS: The model provides an evidence-based, accessible way of understanding diverse corporate political strategies. It should enable public health actors and officials to preempt these strategies and develop realistic assessments of the industry's claims

    Business Interest Representation and European Commission Fora: A Game Theoretic Investigation

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    The relationship between business and the EU institutions has evolved from its corporatist origins into a complex elite pluralist arrangement centered around industrial fora and policy committees. We view the growth of forum politics as the direct consequence of the unprecedented boom in economic and public interest lobbying in the early 1990s: While the increase in European interest representation provided greater legitimacy for the European integration program, it put a strain on the existing open pluralist European business- government relationship. One of the European Commission’s (EC) informal solutions was to create restricted- entry policy fora and select committees, which it hoped would provide fast and reliable decisionmaking. Employing a formal model of industrial fora and committees, we specify the mechanisms that we believe caused the establishment of the current elite pluralist system of interest representation in the EU. We argue that in the process of establishing selective-entry fora for interest representation, the European Commission acted not only as policy entrepreneur, but also as a political entrepreneur, fostering collective action.Die Beziehungen zwischen Wirtschaft und EU-Institutionen hat sich aus korporatistischen AnfĂ€ngen zu einem komplexen Arrangement elitenpluralistischer Strukturen entwickelt, in dessen Mittelpunkt Industrieforen und Policy-Komittees stehen. Wir analysieren die wachsende Bedeutung dieser Forum Politics als direkte Folge des (wirtschaftlichen und zivilgesellschaftlichen) Lobbying-Booms der frĂŒhen 90er-Jahre. Obschon die vermehrte europĂ€ische Interessenvertretung die LegitimtĂ€t des europĂ€ischen Integrationsprogramms erhöhte, setzte sie zugleich das bestehende System offener pluralistischer Beziehungen zwischen Wirtschaft und europĂ€ischen Institutionen unter Druck. Als eine informelle Lösung dieses Problems etablierte die EuropĂ€ische Kommission nichtstĂ€ndige Policy-Fora und AusschĂŒsse, deren Zugang sie kontrollierte. Mit Hilfe eines formalen Modells identifizieren wir die Mechanismen, die unseres Erachtens zu der Entwicklung des gegenwĂ€rtigen elitenpluralistischen Systems der EU-Interessenvertretung gefĂŒhrt haben. Wir argumentieren, dass die EuropĂ€ische Kommission mit der Einrichtung zugangsbeschrĂ€nkter Fora zur Interessenvertretung nicht nur as „policy entrepreneur“ tĂ€tig wurde, sondern auch als „political entrepreneur“ kollektives Handeln von Interessenvertretern förderte.1 Introduction 2 Lobbying Context and Concepts 2.1 Lobbying 2.2 Restricted-Access Fora for Interest Representation 3 The Model 3.1 Basic Concepts 3.2 Results 3.2.1 Fora Increase Lobbying Activity 3.2.2 When to Establish Commission Fora 3.3 Extension: High- and Low-Preference Lobbyists 4 Conclusion Reference

    AugÀpfel, Murmeltiere und Bayes: zur Auswertung stochastischer Daten aus Vollerhebungen

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    In diesem Papier diskutieren wir theoretisch-methodologische Grundlagen zur Analyse so genannter Vollerhebungen, also DatensĂ€tze, die Beobachtungen aller Elemente einer Population enthalten. Solche DatensĂ€tze spielen vor allem in quantitativen Makro-Analysen politischer und sozialer Systeme eine Rolle, und ihre inhĂ€renten Probleme fĂŒhren oft zu methodischer Verwirrung, die wir mit dem vorliegenden Essay verringern wollen. Da Vollerhebungen nicht das Resultat einer Zufallsstichprobe sind, ist die Anwendung frequentistischer Wahrscheinlichkeitskonzeptionen zur BegrĂŒndung inferentieller statistischer Methoden nicht gegeben; außerdem kann die statistische UnabhĂ€ngigkeit der Beobachtungen voneinander nicht ohne weiteres angenommen werden. Dennoch werden Vollerhebungsdaten durch stochastische Komponenten oder „Fehler“ beeinflusst. Wir argumentieren, dass die StochastizitĂ€t der Daten in die Analyse einbezogen werden muss, etwa in Form von Parameter-Varianzen, Signifikanztests, oder Konfidenzintervallen. Wir diskutieren verschiedene theoretische Strategien, mit denen Analysen der StochastizitĂ€t begrĂŒndet werden können, wobei wir vor allem fĂŒr die Annahme von Superpopulationen oder die Anwendung bayesianischer AnsĂ€tze plĂ€dieren.This paper discusses the theoretical and methodological foundation for the analysis of apparent populations, i.e., data sets that include observations of all elements of a population. Such data sets are commonly used in quantitative macro studies of political or social systems. Our essay tries to reduce methodological problems resulting from the fact that apparent population data are not the result of random sampling designs. First, the lack of random sampling prevents the use of the frequentist interpretation of probability commonly employed to justify inferential statistical methods. Second, with apparent populations, we cannot assume that observations are statistically independent. We argue that apparent population data are subject to a variety of stochastic processes, or “errors,” that have to be part of the analysis, for example through the investigation of parameter variances, significance tests, or confidence intervals. We discuss several theoretical strategies to justify the analysis of stochastic components of apparent populations, emphasizing in particular the concept of superpopulations and the usefulness of Bayesian approaches.1 Einleitung 2 Fehlerquellen – Quellen der StochastizitĂ€t 2.1 Formale Notation 2.2 Stichprobenfehler 2.3 Messfehler 2.4 Stochastische Wirklichkeit 2.5 Deterministische Fehler: Viele kleine ignorierte Faktoren 2.6 Stochastische Wirklichkeit oder nicht beachtete Faktoren? 3 Was ist das Problem bei Vollerhebungen? 4 Was sind die Lösungen? 4.1 Eyeballing: Substanzielle Effekte und subjektive Wahrheit 4.2 Und tĂ€glich grĂŒĂŸt das Murmeltier: Superpopulationen und die Rettung der SPSS-Strategie 5 Was tun? Einige Schlussfolgerungen 6 Literatu
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