Geospatial transmission hotspots of recent HIV infection — Malawi, October 2019–March 2020

What is already known about this topic? A novel HIV infection surveillance initiative was implemented in Malawi to collect data on recent HIV infections among new diagnoses to characterize the epidemic and guide the public health response. What is added by this report? Higher proportions of recent infections were identified among females, persons aged <30 years, and clients at maternal and child health and youth clinics. Spatial analysis identified three hotspots of health facilities with significantly higher rates of recent infection than expected across five districts. What are the implications for public health practice? Geospatial analysis of recent HIV infection surveillance data can identify potential transmission hotspots. This information could be used to tailor program activities to strengthen HIV testing, prevention, and treatment services and ultimately interrupt transmission

Going global : institutional barriers to internationalisation for smaller Indian exporters

Athena Bangara and Susan Freemanhttp://trove.nla.gov.au/work/407074

Legitimacy and accelerated internationalisation: an Indian perspective

This paper extends the institutional theory perspective by examining the strategic behaviour of founders of smaller service firms in a key emerging economy-India. Building on accelerated internationalisation and legitimacy literature in the emerging market context, we provide a new perspective. emerging market aggressiveness, which explains why founders/managers are not always passive recipients of their environment. Their selections of locations are dependent on the vision and stretch goals of the founder and their ability to gain legitimacy quickly to move that vision to a reality. They do not appear to be limited by their potential liabilities of newness, foreignness, emergingness or outsidership. They adopt committed modes of entry from the outset to build their legitimacy and reduce their liability as an outsider. Using a qualitative multiple case study approach, we demonstrate that managers are able to use proactive, planned and unplanned strategies simultaneously, in order to quickly prepare themselves to take advantage of transient international opportunities, ahead of their competitors in advanced markets. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.Athena Bangara, Susan Freeman, William Schrode

Going global : Institutional barriers to internationalism for smaller Indian exporters

This exploratory study provides insight into the major institutional barriers to internationalisation for smaller firms from one of the two big emerging markets (BEMs) in the Asia Pacific rim: India, the other being China. Firms in transition economies face institutional barriers such as government interference, corruption and rapid environmental change due to the presence of underdeveloped institutions. In contrast, firms from developed markets operate in an institutional environment that can be described as more suitable to their growth and expansion. The current study extends knowledge by exploring the major institutional barriers to internationalisation for smaller exporting firms from a BEM perspective relying on institutional theory as a key theoretical underpinning. The study incorporates a qualitative research design based on 12 Indian exporters. Findings reveal that smaller Indian exporters face barriers to internationalisation in securing specific targeted information from institutions such as local chambers of commerce forcing firms to rely on network contacts in order to enter overseas markets. Restrictive government policies were also found to hinder the internationalisation of firms that sought to expand into the international market prior to the liberalisation of the Indian economy

The Decision to Stay or Resign Following an Acquisition by a Chinese or Indian Company

This paper analyses the challenges created by the liability of foreignness and the associated country-of-origin bias and their effect on Western managers’ decisions about whether to leave following their company’s acquisition by an emerging-economy multinational. Using a manipulated scenario-based survey conducted with American, French and German managers, the results show that managers are more likely to resign if their company is acquired by a company from an emerging economy (specifically, China or India) than by a company from their home or another Western, developed country. Furthermore, the results do not support previous research findings that show the role of prior alliance between the acquirer and its target, previous experience with successful acquisitions, previous experience with the local market and minimal post-acquisition integration to be forces helping to counterbalance the adverse effects of the liability of foreignness, country-of-origin bias and the ‘emergingness’ nature of foreign acquirers

Reverse knowledge transfer from overseas acquisitions: a survey of Indian MNEs

In this paper, we examine the effects of subsidiary level factors on reverse knowledge transfer (RKT) in MNEs from the emerging market of India (EM-MNEs). We argue that subsidiary level competencies and capabilities play a vital role in persuading the parent EM-MNEs to initiate the RKT in their attempt to overcome the disadvantages they have. The competency levels of the subsidiary have been captured in terms of the role that the subsidiary has in the network and its host country endowments. In addition, RKT requires the subsidiary units to collaborate closely with the parent EM-MNEs and is also dependent on the extent of complexity of this knowledge. The study involves a survey of MNEs from the emerging market of India with overseas acquisitions. We develop a set of hypotheses and test them with the data using OLS regression. Results show that higher levels of collaboration facilitate RKT to the parent firm, and this effect is more prominent in high technology and knowledge intensive industries. Also, subsidiaries that hail from host countries with a higher competitive index compared to India and those that perform the role of specialised contributors contribute more towards RKT. In addition, a higher level of knowledge complexity leads to a greater extent of RKT