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Not AvailableThis study was undertaken to identify new sources of resistance against downy mildew of cucumber caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis [(Berk. and Cart.) Rostow]. Pot experiments were conducted with 16 accessions each of Cucumis sativus and C. hardwickii during the years 2017 and 2018 using 12 isolates of P. cubensis representing different agroclimatic zones of India. The accession, IC331627 from Dehradun, Uttarakhand showed plant disease index (PDI) ranging from 5.55-20.35 per cent with an average PDI of 11.56 and 11.87 per cent during the years, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Hence, IC331627 was identified to be resistant against the five isolates of P. cubesis (Pc12, Pc17, Pc19, Pc21 and Pc24) and moderately resistant against one isolate (Pc22). This resistant accession C. hardwickii (IC331627) could be utilized to develop mapping population to map genomic regions conferring the resistance to downy mildew in cucumber.Not Availabl

Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Display Selective Defect in Antigen Receptor Mediated T Cell Apoptosis

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which insulin-producing beta cells are destroyed by auto-reactive T lymphocytes. Studies in mice indicate that incomplete deletion of self-reactive T-cells and compromised peripheral tolerance mechanisms can contribute to the manifestation of autoimmune diabetes. In patients with type 1 diabetes, defects in T regulatory cell numbers and function have been previously reported. In this study, we have ascertained the integrity of activation-induced cell death, a mechanism of peripheral T cell tolerance, in long-standing type 1 diabetes patients. Activation of peripheral blood derived T cells from non-diabetic individuals with a T cell mitogen and interleukin-2 rendered them susceptible to subsequent T-cell receptor/CD3mediated apoptosis, as indicated by the dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of intracellular caspases. In contrast, similarly activated T lymphocytes from type 1 diabetes patients failed to undergo apoptosis when challenged with a bacterial superantigen or anti-CD3 antibody. Supplementation of T cell cultures with interleukin-4 or interleukin-18 failed to restore self-tolerance. However, both the expression of the Fas receptor and its ability to transduce apoptotic signal were comparable in T cells of type 1 diabetes patients and controls. Additionally, no marked difference in the T cell subsets was observed between controls and diabetes patients under all activation conditions analyzed. These data suggest that the abnormality in T-cell receptor-mediated apoptosis is cell autonomous in long-standing type 1 diabetes patients, which in addition to other defective peripheral tolerance mechanisms, likely to contribute to the manifestation of autoimmune diabetes

Current Trends and Future Perspectives of Nanomaterials in Food Packaging Application

Nanotechnology can improve the mechanical barrier and the antimicrobial (which will not allow the invasion of microorganisms in the food, increasing the food barrier properties, hence can be a very promising material for food packaging. Nanomaterials will keep the food fresh in the food packaging design. Silver nanoparticles and nanoclay represent most of the nanoempowered food packaging available on the market others like zinc oxide and titanium share little of the current market. Zinc oxide enhances nutritional values in food products by adding nutrients. It helps improve the flavour, storage properties, appearance, and texture of the food. Titanium dioxide is used for food safety purposes since it prevents food from spoiling and increases the food’s shelf life. In current food packaging, these nanomaterials are used to grant antimicrobial capacity and further develop hindrance properties, broadening packaged food’s shelf life and newness. Nanofood packaging has many benefits for general wellbeing. The related harmfulness of migration, particularly in acidic conditions, is extensive. The use of nanomaterials because of their physical and chemical properties makes them broadly accessible in numerous areas. This review summarizes the antimicrobial packaging application, nanomaterials synthesis, and nanomaterial properties in food packaging