Relationship of glycogen and lactate concentrations as a pork quality indicator

Muscle metabolites greatly determine pork quality. However, precise threshold values which indicate its deterioration or improvement are not fully known. This study aimed to determine the influences of pork Longissimus lumborum (LL) glycogen and lactate concentrations measured at 45 min post mortem on pH, colour (L*a*b*) and drip loss (DL) measured during 144 hours post mortem in order to prescribe appropriate threshold values. The investigation used 30 gilts and 30 barrows being fattened for slaughter. After slaughter, the carcasses were assigned to groups based on the observed levels of glycogen and lactate: low GlyL with glycogen ≤35 μmol/g, GlyM with glycogen between 35 and 55 μmol/g, GlyH with glycogen >55 μmol/g; LacL with lactate ≤40 μmol/g and LacH with lactate >40 μmol/g. Lower muscle pH was noted up to 24 h post mortem in the LacH group compared to LacL (P ≤0.01). 24 h post mortem higher pH was found in GlyL than in GlyM and GlyH (P ≤0.01), which were similar. Similarly no statistical differences were noted between The GlyM and GlyH groups were also similar in L*, DL96 and DL144, with lower values found for GlyL (P ≤0.01). Compared to LacH, LacL had lower L*, DL48, DL96 and DL144 (P ≤0.01) and higher a* and b* values. Muscle pH, drip loss, L* and a* values were more affected by lactate concentration if the glycogen concentration ≥35 μmol/g muscle tissue. Thus, metabolite concentration may be a useful and valuable indicator of pork quality. Keywords: drip loss, glycolytic resources, pork colour, post-mortem muscle metabolis

Evaluation of the Safety of Neauvia Stimulate Injectable Product in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases Based on Histopathological Examinations and Retrospective Analysis of Medical Records

The aim of this study was to test the effect of hyaluronic acid cross-linked with polyethylene glycol containing micronized portions of calcium hydroxyapatite (Neauvia Stimulate) on both local tissue and systemic consequences, which are crucial from the perspective of long-term safety, in patients suffering from Hashimoto's disease. This most common autoimmune disease is a frequently mentioned contraindication to the use of fillers based on hyaluronic acid as well as biostimulants based on calcium hydroxyapatite. Broad-spectrum aspects of histopathology were analyzed to identify key features of inflammatory infiltration before the procedure and 5, 21, and 150 days after the procedure. A statistically significant effect on the reduction of the intensity of the inflammatory infiltration in the tissue in relation to the state before the procedure was demonstrated, combined with a reduction in the occurrence of both antigen-recognizing (CD4) and cytotoxic (CD8) T lymphocytes. With complete statistical certainty, it was demonstrated that the treatment with Neauvia Stimulate had no effect on the levels of these antibodies. All this corresponds with the risk analysis that showed no alarming symptoms during the time of observation. The choice of hyaluronic acid fillers cross-linked with polyethylene glycol should be considered justified and safe in the case of patients suffering from Hashimoto's disease

Influence of montmorillonite on the rheological properties of water disperisons of carboxymethyl starch

Water dispersions are usually a colloidal system in which one of the phases is highly dispersed in a second of a continuous nature, called a dispersion medium (in this case it is water). Dispersal is also called the process of distraction and self- -disperse as such. Water dispersions of carboxymethyl starch are the basis for the preparation of many products that, due to their initial dispersion form, can be modified, e.g. by adding fillers such as biodegradable films that affect the rheological properties of the dispersion [1]. The carboxymethyl derivative of starch was synthesized for the first time in 1924. The carboxymethylation reaction has become one of the most important starch modifications used in the industry on a large scale. Carboxymethyl starch (CMS) is characterized by a good solubility in cold water and higher resistance to bacteria than unmodified starch [7–9]. The carboxymethyl starch is obtained by the reaction of carboxymethylation (etherification) of the alkaline starch consisting in the introduction of the substituents into the structure of the starch, by reaction with monochloroacetic acid sodium salt. This process is called Williamson’s synthesis and CMS with different degree of substitution can be obtained by means of the mentioned process [10, 11]. The degree of substitution of carboxymethyl starch has a significant influence on its rheological properties, water dispersion of CMS with DS = 0.87 showed five times higher viscosity than CMS with lower value of this parameter, i.e. 0.15. Water dispersions with an increase in the montmorillonite content showed a high viscosity increase (about twice the increase in viscosity with the addition of 3% by weight). In both cases, aqueous dispersions stored above one month may be subject to the environmental degradation. In addition, in cases of compositions containing MMT, a rapid drop in viscosity due to the montmorillonite sedimentation is observed [17]. Rheological research of water carboxymethyl starch dispersions has great importance for science and for the subsequent application possibilities of products obtained on their basis. The effect of fillers on viscosity, and thus on the possibility of mixing them with aqueous CMS dispersions, affects, for example, the production of biodegradable films based on CMS with MMT, where the film is obtained from an aqueous dispersion of CMS with MMT with the addition of glycerine and citric acid [22]. Moreover, water dispersion of carboxymethyl starch with the addition of montmorillonite can be used as an additive to drilling fluids, electro-reed liquids or foundry adhesives [17]

Influence of organic crosslinkers on physical properties of pressure-sensitive adhesives based on silicones

Kleje samoprzylepne (PSA) mogą być zdefiniowane jako specjalna grupa klejów, które w postaci filmu klejowego posiadają właściwości samoprzylepne (w temperaturze pokojowej).Oprócz dobrej przyczepności powierzchniowej charakteryzują się dobrą stabilnością adhezji w dużej rozpiętości temperaturowej. Silikonowe kleje samoprzylepne (Si-PSA) charakteryzują się również obojętnością chemiczną i odpornością na warunki atmosferyczne. Są one szeroko stosowane do produkcji taśm i etykiet samoprzylepnych używanych gdy otoczenie lub powierzchnia podłoża przekracza możliwości przylepcowe typowych organicznych klejów samoprzylepnych. Właściwości samoprzylepnych klejów silikonowych (Si-PSA) sieciowanych termicznie organicznymi nadtlenkami (według mechanizmu rodnikowego) zależą od rodzaju oraz stężenia zastosowanych związków sieciujących. Zwiększenie stężenia nadtlenku benzoilu lub nadtlenku dichlorobenzoilu w układzie wpływało na ogół na znaczne zwiększenie kohezji, przy jednoczesnym zmniejszeniu adhezji badanego kleju.Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) can be defined as a special category of adhesives which in dry form are permanently tacky at room temperature. Pressure-sensitive adhesives require certain properties: good surface adhesion, good stability of adhesion characteristics is constant over a very wide temperature range. Siliconepressure-sensitive adhesives (Si-PSA) are characterized by chemical indifferenceandweather resistance. They are widely used in pressure-sensitive tapes and labels for applications when environmental conditions or the nature of substrate surfaces transcend the performance boundaries of common organic pressure-sensitive adhesives. The properties of thermally crosslinked silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives (Si-PSA) using organic peroxides (according to a radical mechanism) depend on the type and concentration of used crosslinker. Increasing the content of benzoyl peroxide or dichlorobenzoyl peroxide in the system affected (generally) increasing cohesion, while reducing the adhesion of the tested adhesives

Double-side tape based on silicone pressure-sensitive adhesive

Silikonowe kleje samoprzylepne są wysokiej klasy klejami, które mogą być używane w szerokim zakresie temperaturowym, od –40 do 300ºC, jako taśmy lub etykiety samoprzylepne na różnego rodzaju podłożach, gdzie nie mogą być stosowane typowe PSA. Od 2000 r. obserwuje się wzrost zainteresowania możliwością nowych zastosowań dla PSA silikonowych, zwłaszcza takich produktów samoprzylepnych, jak taśmy medyczne oraz przemysłowe. Sieciowanie silikonowego PSA z grupami metylowymi oraz fenylowymi można przeprowadzić za pomocą nadtlenków organicznych w temp. pomiędzy 120 a 150°C. Taśmy dwustronne są bardzo zróżnicowane pod względem używanych nośników oraz rodzajów klejów samoprzylepnych i służą do łączenia ze sobą wielu rodzajów materiałów. W dostępnej literaturze nie ma doniesień o dwustronnych taśmach na bazie silikonowych PSA. Badane taśmy otrzymano przez dwustronne powlekanie nośnika. Otrzymane dwustronne taśmy samoprzylepne na bazie Si-PSA wykazują dobre właściwości fizyczne dla obu stron filmu klejowego w postaci odpowiedniej kleistości (tacku), odpowiedniej przyczepności (adhezji) oraz wysokiej wytrzymałości wewnętrznej (kohezji).Silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives are high-performance adhesives that can be utilized over a wide range of temperatures, from –40 to 300ºC. They are widely used in self-adhesives tapes and labels when application conditions or the nature of substrate surfaces surpass the performance boundaries of organic-based PSAs. Since the year 2000, there has been continuing interest in it of new uses for silicone PSAs, especially in applications such as medical and industrial tapes. The crosslinking of silicone PSAs with methyl or/and phenyl groups can be achieved thermally between 120 and 150°C by organic peroxide. Double-side tapes are highly differentiated in used carrier and pressure-sensitive adhesives; they are used for joining together the assembly of all kinds materials. In the available literature there are no reports about double-side tape based on silicone PSA. Tapes were obtained by double-side coating of the carrier. The resulting double-sided self-adhesive tape on the basis of Si-PSA exhibit good physical properties both sides of the adhesive film in a form suitable tackiness (tacku), sufficient adhesion (adhesion), and high internal strength (cohesion)