Поля напружень і деформаційні режими в межах української частини Східних Карпат за тектонофізичними даними

The studies include the materials of the field tectonophysical observations of 2013―2018 and reinterpreted field data of 1990―1995. In order to determine the stress tensor structural-paragenetic and kinematic tectonophysical methods were used. Application of optimizing procedure, implemented to Vin Tensor program, allowed taking into account sliding fissures without determined kinematic types not involved to previous processing. Determining part in formation and development of Ukrainian Carpathians was played by tectonic forces of southwestern 220° direction. During formation of brittle disruptions shear deformational regimes were essentially prevailing and under conditions of thrust-fault deformational regime flexible deformation took place (folded shear structure of Ukrainian Carpathians was in the process of formation). In the Rakhiv massif and southeastern part of Pyenine rocks zone orientation of axes of regional field of compression changes to sub-latitudinal. The field of extention of southwestern direction has been related for the first time to thrust-faults of the basement. The strain field with sub-longitudinal axis of compression was also renovated. Two stages of the development of the Carpathian orogen were specified: (1) during early orogen stage folded-shear deformations reach their maximum under conditions of thrust deformational regime (2) during late orogen stage rising of the Carpathian structure accelerates as a result of isostasy and its fragmentation takes place by diagonal, transverse and longitudinal shears. Nowadays the conditions of tangential compression in the Carpathians maintains, that is evidenced by compression fields according to tectonophysical and seismologic data, but in the upper part of the crust stretching under the effects of gravity forces is superimposed.Рассмотрены материалы полевых тектонофизических наблюдений 2013―2018 гг. и переинтерпретированные полевые данные 1990―1995 гг. Для определения тензора напряжения применялись структурно-парагенетический и кинематический методы тектонофизики. Использование процедуры оптимизации, реализованной в программе Вин Тензор, позволило учесть борозды скольжения без установленных кинематических типов, которые не вошли в предыдущие обработки. Определяющую роль в формировании и развитии Украинских Карпат играли тектонические силы юго-западного (220°) направления. При образовании хрупких разрывов существенно преобладали сдвиговые деформационные режимы, а в условиях взбросового деформационного режима происходила пластическая деформация (формировалось складчато-надвиговое сооружение Украинских Карпат). В Раховском массиве и юго-восточной части зоны Пьенинских скал ориентирование осей сжатия регионального поля напряжений изменилось на субширотное. Впервые поле растяжения юго-западного направления было связано со сбросовыми разломами фундамента. Восстановлено также поле напряженности с субмеридиональною осью сжатия. Выделены две стадии развития Карпатского орогена: на раннеорогенной стадии складчато-надвиговые деформации достигали своего максимума в условиях взбросового деформационного режима; на позднеорогенной стадии ускорилось поднятие Карпатского сооружения вследствие изостазии, произошло его расчленение диагональными, поперечными и продольными смещениями. В современный период обстановка тангенциального сжатия в Карпатах сохраняется, о чем свидетельствуют поля сжатия по тектонофизическим и сейсмологическим данным, но в верхней части коры накладывается растяжение под действием гравитационных сил.Розглянуто матеріали польових тектонофізичних спостережень 2013-2018 рр. і переінтерпретіровать польові дані 1990-1995 рр. Для визначення тензора напруги застосовувалися структурно-парагенетичних і кінематичний методи тектонофізіки. Використання процедури оптимізації, реалізованої в програмі Вин Тензор, дозволило врахувати борозни ковзання без встановлених кінематичних типів, які не ввійшли в попередні обробки. Визначальну роль у формуванні і розвитку Українських Карпат грали тектонічні сили південно-західного (220 °) напрямку. При утворенні крихких розривів істотно переважали зсувні деформаційні режими, а в умовах взбросового деформаційного режиму відбувалася пластична деформація (формувалося тваринний надвіговим спорудження Українських Карпат). У Рахівському масиві і південно-східній частині зони Пьенінскіх скель орієнтування осей стиснення регіонального поля напружень змінилося на субширотное. Вперше поле розтягування південно-західного напрямку було пов'язано зі скидними розломами фундаменту. Відновлено також поле напруженості з субмеридиональном віссю стиснення. Виділено дві стадії розвитку Карпатського орогена: на раннеорогенной стадії тваринний надвіговим деформації досягали свого максимуму в умовах взбросового деформаційного режиму; на позднеорогенной стадії прискорилося підняття Карпатського споруди внаслідок ізостазії, відбулося його розчленування діагональними, поперечними і поздовжніми зміщеннями. У сучасний період обстановка тангенціального стиснення в Карпатах зберігається, про що свідчать поля стиснення по тектонофізичних і сейсмологічних даними, але в верхній частині кори накладається розтягнення під дією гравітаційних сил

Experimental Study of the Effect of External Signal on Microwave Oscillations in a Nonrelativistic Electron Beam with Virtual Cathode

The effect of an external harmonic signal on the characteristics of microwave generation in a nonrelativistic electron beam with virtual cathode (VC) formed in a static retarding electric field (low-voltage vircator system) has been experimentally studied. A significant increase in the vircator generation power is observed when the frequency of the external signal is close to the frequency of VC oscillations. At large detunings, a broadband chaotic generation is observed.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figure

МІЖНАУКОВА ВЗАЄМОДІЯ - ЗНАМЕННЯ ЧАСУ

New methods of organization of an educational process which are directed to the realization of idea of interscientific integration and complex approach to up-bringing and education was suggested in the article.У статті запропоновано нові підходи до організації навчального процесу, спрямовані на втілення ідеї міждисциплінарного інтегрування, комплексного підходу до навчання і виховання

ACTIVE OPTICAL SENSORS TO DEVELOP NITROGEN FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POTATO CROP

This study was performed to determine whether active optical sensors could develop an algorithm for N recommendation for the potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.). The experiment was conducted in Maine State, (USA) during the growing season of 2018-2019. Six N rates (0-280 kg ha-1) were applied on eleven locations under a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with four replications. Data of normalized difference vegetation index-(NDVI) were collected via active sensors, GreenSeeker-(GS), and Crop Circle-(CC). Sensors measurements collected at the 20th of the leaf stage were significantly associated with tuber yield, where the exponential model exhibited a better fit for the regression curve. Conventionally, 168 kg N ha-1 produced the maximum potato yield. The N rate computed based on in-season sensors reading reduced by about 12-14% from the total N rate that growers use to apply based on the conventional approach. Studying potato cultivars separately in the same soil properties can improve the algorithm accurately

Investigation of the Chaotic Dynamics of an Electron Beam with a Virtual Cathode in an External Magnetic Field

The effect of the strength of the focusing magnetic field on chaotic dynamic processes occurring inan electron beam with a virtual cathode, as well as on the processes whereby the structures form in the beamand interact with each other, is studied by means of two-dimensional numerical simulations based on solving a self-consistent set of Vlasov-Maxwell equations. It is shown that, as the focusing magnetic field is decreased,the dynamics of an electron beam with a virtual cathode becomes more complicated due to the formation andinteraction of spatio-temporal longitudinal and transverse structures in the interaction region of a vircator. The optimum efficiency of the interaction of an electron beam with the electromagnetic field of the vircator isachieved at a comparatively weak external magnetic field and is determined by the fundamentally two-dimensional nature of the motion of the beam electrons near the virtual cathode.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure

Modulation of the tissue composition of regenerative neuroma by dexamethasone and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Aim. To evaluate the change of the content of mesenchymal (vimentin-positive) and reparative Schwann (GFAP-positive) cells in the regenerative neuroma of the rat sciatic nerve, taking into account the activity of local homeostasis regulation (CD73 expression) under the influence of dexamethasone (Dex) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF). Materials and methods. Vimentin-, GFAP-, and CD73-positive cells were detected immunohistochemically in the regenerative neuroma of 168 male Wistar rats, and their presence was quantified using statistical methods. Results. The regenerative neuroma of the sciatic nerve is characterized by a stereotypical cellular composition kinetics. Dexamethasone, during the initial stage of neuroma formation (1–7 days), led to a reduction in inflammatory infiltration and accumulation of vimentin+ mesenchymal cells. It significantly accelerated the accumulation of neural GFAP+ reparative Schwann cells and suppressed the expression of CD73. The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (1–3 days) in the regenerative neuroma resulted in a slight reduction in inflammatory infiltration and an increase in the number of blood vessels penetrating into it. Under these conditions, the speed and quantity of vimentin+ cell accumulation and CD73 expression noticeably increased, as well as the speed of GFAP+ cell accumulation. The deviations in the expression of vimentin, GFAP, and CD73 in the neuroma under the administration of the mentioned substances gradually decreased and, after 8 weeks of the experiment, did not differ significantly from the control. When combined, dexamethasone and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor potentiated each other’s effects and, in addition, led to long-term maintenance of high CD73 expression. At the same time, the most pronounced approximation of the structure of the newly formed part of the nerve to the structure of the intact nerve trunk was observed. Conclusions. The simultaneous action of Dex and GCSF during the initial stages of regenerative neuroma formation, in contrast to their individual actions, not only alters the dynamics of mesenchymal and neural cell accumulation but also modifies the newly formed part of the nerve, bringing its structure closer to the intact state. This phenomenon is accompanied by increased reactivity of neurolemocytes during the axial cylinder germination stage of neuroma regeneration

Probing Behavior of Apterous and Alate Morphs of two Potato—Colonizing Aphids

Secondary host plant colonization by aphids involves alate and apterous morphs to spread in the population at a large scale by flying or, at a finer one, by walking. Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are two polyphagous aphids that cause serious losses on many crops, particularly on potato, Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae). When settlement of virginoparous alate aphids occurs, apterous individuals are produced and spread within the potato field. As these two potato colonizers originate from different areas and show different body length, this study compared probing behaviors of virginoparous alate and apterous M. persicae and M. euphorbiae on one of their secondary host plants, Solanum tuberosum. Non—choice bioassays and electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings were performed. Most M. euphorbiae of the two morphs rapidly accepted potato plants and exhibited long duration of probing, phloem sap salivation, and ingestion phases. In contrast, at the end of the experiment, most alates of M. persicae left the potato leaflet after brief gustative probes. Moreover, EPG experiments showed that the main difference between both morphs of the two species concerned the xylem ingestion parameter. Differences between species were also reported, such as an increased total duration of probing in both morphs and enhanced phloem ingestion duration in apterous M. euphorbiae. All the differences highlighted in this study are discussed according to the variations observed in aphid body size and to their historical association with Solanum species

Prior Mating Experience Modulates the Dispersal of Drosophila in Males More Than in Females

Cues from both an animal’s internal physiological state and its local environment may influence its decision to disperse. However, identifying and quantifying the causative factors underlying the initiation of dispersal is difficult in uncontrolled natural settings. In this study, we automatically monitored the movement of fruit flies and examined the influence of food availability, sex, and reproductive status on their dispersal between laboratory environments. In general, flies with mating experience behave as if they are hungrier than virgin flies, leaving at a greater rate when food is unavailable and staying longer when it is available. Males dispersed at a higher rate and were more active than females when food was unavailable, but tended to stay longer in environments containing food than did females. We found no significant relationship between weight and activity, suggesting the behavioral differences between males and females are caused by an intrinsic factor relating to the sex of a fly and not simply its body size. Finally, we observed a significant difference between the dispersal of the natural isolate used throughout this study and the widely-used laboratory strain, Canton-S, and show that the difference cannot be explained by allelic differences in the foraging gene

Multimodal Stimulation of Colorado Potato Beetle Reveals Modulation of Pheromone Response by Yellow Light

Orientation of insects to host plants and conspecifics is the result of detection and integration of chemical and physical cues present in the environment. Sensory organs have evolved to be sensitive to important signals, providing neural input for higher order multimodal processing and behavioral output. Here we report experiments to determine decisions made by Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata, in response to isolated stimuli and multimodal combinations of signals on a locomotion compensator. Our results show that in complete darkness and in the absence of other stimuli, pheromonal stimulation increases attraction behavior of CPB as measured in oriented displacement and walking speed. However, orientation to the pheromone is abolished when presented with the alternative stimulation of a low intensity yellow light in a dark environment. The ability of the pheromone to stimulate these diurnal beetles in the dark in the absence of other stimuli is an unexpected but interesting observation. The predominance of the phototactic response over that to pheromone when low intensity lights were offered as choices seems to confirm the diurnal nature of the insect. The biological significance of the response to pheromone in the dark is unclear. The phototactic response will play a key role in elucidating multimodal stimulation in the host-finding process of CPB, and perhaps other insects. Such information might be exploited in the design of applications to attract and trap CPB for survey or control purposes and other insect pests using similar orientation mechanisms