VOCÊ SABIA QUE AS TRÊS MARIAS NÃO SÃO TRÊS?

Dentre as bilhões de estrelas na nossa galáxia, as Três Marias ganham grande destaque em nosso céu noturno, por seu brilho inconfundível, seu alinhamento e seu tamanho superior ao Sol. Essas estrelas fazem parte de uma constelação denominada Órion, em homenagem ao lendário caçador da mitologia grega. Objetiva-se apresentar a constelação de Órion, assim como curiosidades e fatos sobre seu conjunto de estrelas, evidenciando-se às Três Marias. Para executar o trabalho foram realizadas pesquisas em diversificados materiais que abordam o tema elencado, auxiliando na busca de informações que ajudaram a desvendar as diferentes faces da Constelação. As informações obtidas serão apresentadas por meio de textos com linguagem acessível e imagens que ajudem a sintetizar de forma mais promissora o que for mostrado. Apesar do fato de que o cinturão, que possui apenas alguns corpos celestes, seja o que mais chama atenção, a constelação abrange 81 estrelas, dentre elas, estão duas das mais brilhantes do céu, Rigel e Betelgeuse. Um fato curioso é que Betelgeuse não está no seu modo habitual, anteriormente ela estava apagando, com a diminuição de sua massa, porém, atualmente está acontecendo o oposto, seu brilho está acima do padrão, passando a ser a sétima estrela mais brilhante, sendo que antes, era a décima. Tal fato está causando apreensão entre os astrônomos que temem um evento de grande magnitude por estar na fase supergigante vermelha, a última etapa antes do desfecho. Por ser grande e possuir uma localização privilegiada no equador celeste, a constelação é facilmente avistada tanto do hemisfério norte quanto do hemisfério sul da Terra, o que torna as Três Marias ainda mais populares. Elas localizam-se na cintura do caçador Orion, brilhantes e alinhadas quase que retilineamente. São denominadas de Mintaka, Alnilam e Alnitak, oriundos do árabe, que significam “cinto”, “pedra preciosa” e “corda”. Elas são estrelas azuis, muito mais massivas que o Sol e estão a aproximadamente há 1500 anos-luz da Terra. No entanto, o brilho que é visto de onde estamos, não é apenas desses três astros famosos, mas sim de um conjunto de corpos celestes, que por estarem muito longe, parecem ser apenas um, o brilho de Mintaka, por exemplo, é formado pela soma de 5 estrelas e o de Alnitak por 3. No campo científico o cinturão é chamado de asterismo, já o nome pelo qual se conhece no Brasil, tem origem Cristã. Como resultado deseja-se informar a todos as curiosidades e fatos sobre estrelas que são tão visíveis e conhecidas pela população, tornar claro informações que até então, são desconhecidas por grande parte do público que tem apreço por observar o céu noturno. Assim, é possível concluir que estas estrelas, além de belas, detêm sua importância, desde as antigas civilizações foram base na formulação de sofisticadas ferramentas matemáticas e criação de calendários com boa precisão. É indiscutível que a constelação de Órion é repleta de singularidades e histórias que a destacam em meio a outras constelações

Peripheral CD103+ dendritic cells form a unified subset developmentally related to CD8α+ conventional dendritic cells

Although CD103-expressing dendritic cells (DCs) are widely present in nonlymphoid tissues, the transcription factors controlling their development and their relationship to other DC subsets remain unclear. Mice lacking the transcription factor Batf3 have a defect in the development of CD8α(+) conventional DCs (cDCs) within lymphoid tissues. We demonstrate that Batf3(−/−) mice also lack CD103(+)CD11b(−) DCs in the lung, intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), dermis, and skin-draining lymph nodes. Notably, Batf3(−/−) mice displayed reduced priming of CD8 T cells after pulmonary Sendai virus infection, with increased pulmonary inflammation. In the MLNs and intestine, Batf3 deficiency resulted in the specific lack of CD103(+)CD11b(−) DCs, with the population of CD103(+)CD11b(+) DCs remaining intact. Batf3(−/−) mice showed no evidence of spontaneous gastrointestinal inflammation and had a normal contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response, despite previous suggestions that CD103(+) DCs were required for immune homeostasis in the gut and CHS. The relationship between CD8α(+) cDCs and nonlymphoid CD103(+) DCs implied by their shared dependence on Batf3 was further supported by similar patterns of gene expression and their shared developmental dependence on the transcription factor Irf8. These data provide evidence for a developmental relationship between lymphoid organ–resident CD8α(+) cDCs and nonlymphoid CD103(+) DCs

Fully turbulent discrete adjoint solver for non-ideal compressible flow applications

Non-Ideal Compressible Fluid-Dynamics (NICFD) has recently been established as a sector of fluid mechanics dealing with the flows of dense vapors, supercritical fluids, and two-phase fluids, whose properties significantly depart from those of the ideal gas. The flow through an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) turbine is an exemplary application, as stators often operate in the supersonic and transonic regime, and are affected by NICFD effects. Other applications are turbomachinery using supercritical CO2 as working fluid or other fluids typical of the oil and gas industry, and components of air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Due to the comparably lower level of experience in the design of this fluid machinery, and the lack of experimental information on NICFD flows, the design of the main components of these processes (i.e., turbomachinery and nozzles) may benefit from adjoint-based automated fluid-dynamic shape optimization. Hence, this work is related to the development and testing of a fully-turbulent adjoint method capable of treating NICFD flows. The method was implemented within the SU2 open-source software infrastructure. The adjoint solver was obtained by linearizing the discretized flow equations and the fluid thermodynamic models by means of advanced Automatic Differentiation (AD) techniques. The new adjoint solver was tested on exemplary turbomachinery cases. Results demonstrate the method effectiveness in improving simulated fluid-dynamic performance, and underline the importance of accurately modeling non-ideal thermodynamic and viscous effects when optimizing internal flows influenced by NICFD phenomena

Waermepumpen im Konzept nichtkonventioneller Waermeversorgung

Im Beitrag werden Moeglichkeiten der verbesserten Gestaltung von Waermepumpenprozessen fuer Raumheizungen mit Kleinwaermepumpen dargestellt. Die grossen Reserven fuer den wirtschaftlichen Einsatz von Waermepumpenanlagen bestehen im Verwenden guenstiger Waermequellen und durch die Gestaltung waermepumpengerechter Heizungsanlagen. An einem Beispiel wird demonstriert, dass die Kosten von Waermepumpenheizungen mit denen konventioneller Systeme vergleichbar sind. (orig./UA)The paper describes possible ways of improving heat pump processes for space heating using small-type heat pumps. The great potential of an economically efficient use of heat pumps lies in the use of favourable heat sources and design of heating installations adapted to heat pumps. The fact that the costs for heating installations equipped with heat pumps are comparable with those for conventional heating installations is demonstrated by an example. (orig./UA)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Adjoint-based fluid dynamic design optimization in quasi-periodic unsteady flow problems using a harmonic balance method

Shape optimization in unsteady flow problems enables the consideration of dynamic effects on design. The ability to treat unsteady effects is attractive, as it can provide performance gains when compared to steady-state design methods for a variety of applications in which time-varying flows are of paramount importance. This is the case, for example, in turbomachinery or rotorcraft design. Given the high computational cost involved in time-accurate design problems, adjoint-based shape optimization is a promising option. However, efficient sensitivity analysis should also be accompanied by a significant decrease in computational cost for the primal flow solution, as well. Reduced-order models, like those based on the harmonic balance concept, in combination with the calculation of gradients via adjoint methods, are proposed for the efficient solution of a certain class of aerodynamics optimization problems. The harmonic balance method is applicable if the flow is characterized by discrete finite dominant flow frequencies that do not need to be integer multiples of a fundamental harmonic. A fully-turbulent harmonic balance discrete adjoint formulation based on a duality-preserving approach is proposed. The method is implemented by leveraging algorithmic differentiation and is applied to two test cases: the constrained shape optimization of both a pitching airfoil and a turbine cascade. A key advantage of the current approach is the accurate computation of gradients as compared to second order finite differences without any approximation in the linearization of the turbulent viscosity. The shape optimization results show significant improvements for the selected time-dependent objective functions, demonstrating that design problems involving almost-periodic unsteady flows can be tackled with manageable computational effort.AerodynamicsFlight Performance and Propulsio