Kunnskapsoppsummering og klassifisering av tiltaket: PMTO–foreldregruppe (2. utg.)

Source at https://ungsinn.no/post_tiltak_arkiv/pmto-foreldregruppe/.Denne artikkelen oppsummerer kunnskapen om effektene av PMTO-foreldregruppe (tidligere kalt TIBIR – Foreldregruppeintervensjonen) som intervensjon i TIBIR-programmet. Artikkelen er en revisjon av en tidligere beskrivelse av det samme tiltaket i Ungsinn, men er videreutviklet i henhold til Ungsinns nye kriterier og prosedyrer. Intervensjonen baserer seg på prinsippene fra Parent Management Training Oregonmodellen (PMTO), med det unntaket at i denne intervensjonen møtes foreldrene i grupper over 12 samlinger. Det deltar inntil 12 foreldre/foresatte i gruppene og gruppen ledes av to gruppeledere. Målgruppen for tiltaket er foreldre og foresatte til barn med begynnende atferdsproblemer, men tiltaket kan også tilbys til familier som har barn med identifiserte atferdsproblemer

Delinquent Behavior of Dutch Rural Adolescents

This article compares Dutch rural and non-rural adolescents’ delinquent behavior and examines two social correlates of rural delinquency: communal social control and traditional rural culture. The analyses are based on cross-sectional data, containing 3,797 participants aged 13–18 (48.7% females). The analyses show that rural adolescents are only slightly less likely to engage in delinquent behavior. Furthermore, while rural adolescents are exposed more often to communal social control, this does not substantially reduce the likelihood that they engage in delinquent behavior. Concerning rural culture, marked differences appeared between rural and non-rural adolescents. First, alcohol use and the frequency of visiting pubs were more related to rural adolescents’ engagement in delinquent behavior. Second, the gender gap in delinquency is larger among rural adolescents: whereas rural boys did not differ significantly from non-rural boys, rural girls were significantly less likely to engage in delinquent behavior than non-rural girls. However, the magnitude of the effects of most indicators was rather low. To better account for the variety of rural spaces and cultures, it is recommended that future research into antisocial and criminal behavior of rural adolescents should adopt alternative measurements of rurality, instead of using an indicator of population density only

Neuroarchitecture of Aminergic Systems in the Larval Ventral Ganglion of Drosophila melanogaster

Biogenic amines are important signaling molecules in the central nervous system of both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, biogenic amines take part in the regulation of various vital physiological processes such as feeding, learning/memory, locomotion, sexual behavior, and sleep/arousal. Consequently, several morphological studies have analyzed the distribution of aminergic neurons in the CNS. Previous descriptions, however, did not determine the exact spatial location of aminergic neurite arborizations within the neuropil. The release sites and pre-/postsynaptic compartments of aminergic neurons also remained largely unidentified. We here used gal4-driven marker gene expression and immunocytochemistry to map presumed serotonergic (5-HT), dopaminergic, and tyraminergic/octopaminergic neurons in the thoracic and abdominal neuromeres of the Drosophila larval ventral ganglion relying on Fasciclin2-immunoreactive tracts as three-dimensional landmarks. With tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH) or tyrosine decarboxylase 2 (TDC2)-specific gal4-drivers, we also analyzed the distribution of ectopically expressed neuronal compartment markers in presumptive dopaminergic TH and tyraminergic/octopaminergic TDC2 neurons, respectively. Our results suggest that thoracic and abdominal 5-HT and TH neurons are exclusively interneurons whereas most TDC2 neurons are efferent. 5-HT and TH neurons are ideally positioned to integrate sensory information and to modulate neuronal transmission within the ventral ganglion, while most TDC2 neurons appear to act peripherally. In contrast to 5-HT neurons, TH and TDC2 neurons each comprise morphologically different neuron subsets with separated in- and output compartments in specific neuropil regions. The three-dimensional mapping of aminergic neurons now facilitates the identification of neuronal network contacts and co-localized signaling molecules, as exemplified for DOPA decarboxylase-synthesizing neurons that co-express crustacean cardioactive peptide and myoinhibiting peptides

Management of femur fractures in children ages 6 to 12 years old

Pediatric femur fractures are common injuries. A multitude of treatment options exist for fixation of these fractures in patients in the 6- to 12-year age range including traction and spica cast, flexible intramedullary nails, rigid antegrade locked nails, bridge plating, standard compression plating, and external fixation. Patient and fracture specific factors, such as patient weight, femur size, fracture pattern, and associated injuries must be considered when determining the optimal treatment of these injuries for each patient. Fortunately, when the injury is treated with the appropriate surgical technique, excellent fracture healing and functional outcome can be expected with little risk of adverse outcome. Copyright © 2009 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Preventing alcohol use with a universal school-based intervention: results from an effectiveness study

Background The effectiveness of the universal school-based alcohol prevention program “Unge & Rus” [Youth & Alcohol] was tested by an independent research group. The program aims to prevent alcohol use and to change adolescents’ alcohol-related attitudes. The main outcome measure was frequency of monthly alcohol use, favorable alcohol attitudes, perceived behavioral control (PBC), positive alcohol expectancy and alcohol-related knowledge. Methods Junior high school students (N = 2,020) with a mean age of 13.5 years participated in this longitudinal pre, post and one-year follow-up study with a quasi-experimental design, involving an intervention group and a comparison group recruited from 41 junior high schools in Norway. Multilevel analysis was used to account for the repeated observations (level 1) nested within students (level 2) who in turn were clustered within school classes (level 3). Results Results showed an increased level of alcohol-related knowledge in the intervention group (p < .005) as compared to the comparison group at one-year follow-up. However, no significant difference in change was found between the intervention group and the comparison group in frequency of monthly alcohol use, alcohol-related attitudes, PBC or alcohol expectancy at one-year follow-up. Conclusions This study offers adequate data on the effectiveness of a school-based alcohol prevention program widely implemented in Norway. Under its current method of implementation, use of the program cannot be supported over the use of standard alcohol curriculum within schools

Gender differences in alcohol onset and drinking frequency in adolescents: an application of the theory of planned behavior

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a model utilized to predict human behavior that was used to examine adolescents’ alcohol drinking behavior (onset and frequency of drinking). Longitudinal data collected over a 2 year period from Norwegian junior high school students (N ¼ 1,563) was used. Multilevel structural equation models was used to examine the utility of the TPB to explain variance in adolescents’ onset and frequency of alcohol use. Gender differences between the different TPB components and alcohol use was tested. Onset and frequency of alcohol drinking were predicted by intention, for both genders. Intention to onset drinking was in turn predicted by subjective norms (SN) for both girls and boys while intention to drinking frequency was predicted by SN and attitude for girls, and SN for boys. Onset of drinking and frequency of alcohol use were directly related to perceived behavior control (PBC) for girls. Gender differences in TPB were detected. Alcohol preventive programs will benefit from focusing on attitude, SN and PBC for girls and SN for boys