Transmission dynamics and baseline epidemiological parameter estimates of Coronavirus disease 2019 pre-vaccination: Davao City, Philippines

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has exposed many systemic vulnerabilities in many countries' health system, disaster preparedness, and adequate response capabilities. With the early lack of data and information about the virus and the many differing local-specific factors contributing to its transmission, managing its spread had been challenging. The current work presents a modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered compartmental model incorporating intervention protocols during different community quarantine periods. The COVID-19 reported cases before the vaccine rollout in Davao City, Philippines, are utilized to obtain baseline values for key epidemiologic model parameters. The probable secondary infections (i.e., time-varying reproduction number) among other epidemiological indicators were computed. Results show that the cases in Davao City were driven by the transmission rates, positivity proportion, latency period, and the number of severely symptomatic patients. This paper provides qualitative insights into the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 along with the government's implemented intervention protocols. Furthermore, this modeling framework could be used for decision support, policy making, and system development for the current and future pandemics. Copyright: © 2023 Añonuevo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.11Nsciescopu

Relações entre família e escola e suas implicações de gênero The relationship between the family and the school and its gender implications

A política educacional recente, de caráter neoliberal, está cobrando a participação dos pais na gestão da escola pública e no dever de casa, tanto nos Estados Unidos quanto no Brasil. Tal política tem implicações de classe e gênero: quando a escola conta com a família, pressupõe um modelo de família com capital econômico e simbólico e com uma mãe disponível e prioritariamente dedicada à educação dos filhos. Os formuladores dessas políticas não consideram a relação entre modelos de organização curricular e instrucional e organização familiar, nem a assimetria de gênero que faz recair a responsabilidade pela educação infantil sobre as mulheres, tampouco as mudanças e variações na organização familiar. Ao desviar o foco da melhoria educacional da escola e da sala de aula para a família e o lar, este tipo de política pode produzir dois efeitos perversos: penalizar as famílias (sobretudo as mães) e converter diferenças de capital econômico, cultural e social em resultados educacionais desiguais.<br>Recent neo-liberal educational policy, both in the United States and in Brazil, is calling for parental involvement in school decision-making and homework. Such a policy carries class and gender implications: schools that count on families assume a single family model, with economic and symbolic capital, and an available mother committed to her children's education. Policymakers have neither considered the relationship between models of curricular and instructional organization and family organization, nor the gender asymmetry that places responsibility for children's education mostly on females, nor change and variation in family arrangements. By shifting the focus of educational improvement from the school and classroom to the home and family, this policy is likely to produce two undesirable effects: to penalize families (especially mothers), and convert economic, cultural and social capital differences into different educational outcomes

PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING, FAMILY RELATIONS, AND DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES OF CHILDREN LEFT BEHIND

The phrase \u201cchildren left behind\u201d refers to minors who are left in their home country while one or both of their parents emigrate for work for at least six months. From a quantitative point of view, children left behind in countries with strong migratory pressure are many. Separation of families in migration is tied to implications about well-being of the people involved \u2014 mainly the children \u2014 and of the communities to which they belong. The emotional neglect felt by these children is associated with lack of affection and physical intimacy. Through a review of the literature, the purpose of the article was to show that distress in this pattern of deprivation is manifested by the children in several ways and in different contexts: low school performance, drop-out from school, conflicts with teachers and peers, anxiety, low self-esteem, tendency to feel depressed, apathy, suicidal behaviour, and substance abuse