ひばり

departmental bulletin pape

COVID-19, seasonal influenza and measles: potential triple burden and the role of flu and MMR vaccines

Policy interventions aimed at reducing person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (such as hand hygiene, physical distancing and wearing face coverings) were implemented globally to minimise healthcare burden, and to allow more time for an effective treatment and successful vaccine. After months of ‘lockdown’, many countries started to ease these measures recently only to see a surge in COVID-19 cases and deaths. During the winter of 2020–2021, we face the prospect of a dual burden of a COVID-19 pandemic and a seasonal influenza epidemic.3 However, what’s not being currently discussed is that the burden on healthcare could be further compounded by a potential surge of measles and rubella cases. This is due to: (1) a declining trend in Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine coverage accompanied by an increasing trend in Measles-Mumps-Rubella cases since 2016;4 and (2) disruption and suspension of Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccination campaigns in 23 countries to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic

Directly Age-Standardised Mortality Rates per Million, England and Wales, 1993–2004

<p>Directly Age-Standardised Mortality Rates per Million, England and Wales, 1993–2004</p

Search terms.

<p>PICOS identifiers from research questions (‘key terms’) and database- and thesaurus- derived alternatives (‘additional terms’) used to generate database searches. Stars indicate where all database terms based on the attached stem were included. Terms within each column were distinguished using the OR function and the terms in differing columns combined using AND.</p><p>Search terms.</p

Summary of included studies.

<p>NR: not reported.</p><p>(*): the publication year was used instead when the study date was not reported.</p

Flow chart of study selection process.

<p>Flow chart of study selection process.</p

Studies related to trialled interventions.

<p>Reviewed studies of trialled interventions, by FCTC Article. The numbers following the different quality categories (SA, US, NA) indicate the aspect of quality assessment (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0122610#pone.0122610.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>), rated as satisfactory (SA), unsatisfactory (US) or not-assessable (NA). NR = not reported; RCT = randomised controlled trial; U = urban; R = rural; NS = non-significant; S = significant; QALY = quality-added life year; QE = quasi-experimental study; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval</p><p>Studies related to trialled interventions.</p

Data extraction and quality assessment checklists.

<p>The numbers beside the quality assessment criteria are used to indicate how quality for each criterion has been rated, in Tables <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0122610#pone.0122610.t004" target="_blank">4</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0122610#pone.0122610.t007" target="_blank">7</a></p><p>Data extraction and quality assessment checklists.</p

Life expectancy by ethnic group in England

The disproportionate effect of covid-19 on ethnic minority populations led to a welcome and overdue focus on ethnic disparities in health.1 Their higher covid-19 mortality was widely viewed as having exacerbated pre-existing health inequalities, particularly for Black and South Asian people.12 Although previous evidence had shown a more mixed pattern of ethnic differences in health outcomes,34 our knowledge and understanding have been limited by a lack of nationally representative data on mortality by ethnic group. The first Office for National Statistics (ONS) estimates of life expectancy and cause-specific mortality by ethnicity based on census data are therefore timely. [Opening parapgraph

Defining depression with Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT).

Presence of any of the following clinical codes were used to define active depression code in patients’ clinical records during each respective time period. (DOCX)</p