Effect of Rectal Hygiene on Sexually Transmitted Infections Among HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM)

Abstract Background Rectal gonorrhea (NG) and chlamydia (Connecticut) infections are common among men who have sex with men (MSM). Rectal douching/enema (RDE) is a common practice among MSM that can affect the rectal microbiome. It is unclear if this practice is associated with acquiring rectal infections (RI) with either NG or CT. Methods From 2013–2015, 398 adult HIV-negative MSM and transwomen were enrolled in a randomized controlled study on text messaging for adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Participants were surveyed on sexual behavior, frequency of RDE, drug use, and nutritional habits in conjunction with routine sexually transmitted infection testing. Pearson’s χ 2 and two sample t-tests were used to measure significance of RDE and other risk factors with RI. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to control for confounding and assess the association of RDE with RIs. Confounders (i.e., age, number anal receptive sex, number sex partners) were selected a priori for inclusion in the final model based on a causal model and statistical significance. Results Of 397 participants, 262 (67%) performed RDE and 132 (33%) had at least one NG or CT rectal infection over 48 weeks. Number of condomless anal receptive sex acts (mean = 19, P < 0.001), condom use for anal receptive sex (P = 0.017), number of male sex partners in past 3 months (mean = 14, P = 0.001), and the use of poppers (P < 0.001) were associated with RI. There was no significant association between nutritional habits, probiotic foods or supplements and RI, with the exception of energy bars (P = 0.029). Controlling for confounders, RI was associated with RDE less than weekly with OR = 1.02 (95% CI 0.52–1.99) while RDE weekly or more had OR = 2.08 (95% CI 1.03–4.17). Stratified by number of partners, MSMs with more than the median (>6) number of partners had OR = 4.96 (95% CI 1.29–19.03) if performing RDE less than weekly, and OR = 6.03 (95% CI 1.55–23.49) if weekly or more. Conclusion Rectal hygiene with douching/enemas is a common practice among MSMs on PrEP, which increases the odds of acquiring rectal NG and/or CT. This finding is suggestive for the use of rectal hygiene products/practices as potential targets for sexually transmitted infection prevention. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures

Properties of membrane potential activities in Onchidium photoresponsive neurons

The intrinsically photoresponsive neurons Ip-1 and Ip-2 often display spontaneous action potential firing without any stimulus input. Their pattern of endogenous activities can be divided into 2 types of firing: bursting and beating. In this paper, I qualitatively describe the properties of these activities to further analyze the intracellular mechanism of information processing as potential multimodal sensors.departmental bulletin pape

Baseline membrane activities of Onchidium photoresponsive neurons

Baseline stimulus-free activity in Onchidium photoresponsive neurons Ip-1 and Ip-2 differs according to the season in which animals are obtained from their natural habitat. Few neurons harvested from animals acquired in winter and early spring show spontaneous membrane activity ; in particular, regular patterns of bursting, composed of repetitive firing followed by silent periods, are rarely seen. In contrast, half of the neurons harvested from animals obtained in late spring and summer exhibit membrane activity including bursting. This spontaneous membrane activity may reflect seasonal conditions influencing activities such as reproduction.departmental bulletin pape

Parton distributions incorporating QED contributions

We perform a global parton analysis of deep inelastic and related hard-scattering data, including O( QED) corrections to the parton evolution. Although the quality of the fit is essentially unchanged, there are two important physical consequences. First, the different DGLAP evolution of u and d type quarks introduces isospin violation, i.e. up 6= dn, which is found to be unambiguously in the direction to reduce the NuTeV sin2 W anomaly. A second consequence is the appearance of photon parton distributions (x,Q2) of the proton and the neutron. In principle these can be measured at HERA via the deep inelastic scattering processes eN → e X; our predictions are in agreement with the present data

Insufficiency in the Dispute Settlement Mechanism of the WTO : Consequences and Implications for the Multilateral Trading System

Trends of trade disputes show that the developed countries are more active in the dispute settlement process of the World Trade Organization (WTO) than the developing countries. Our analyses show that financial strength is an important factor for countries to participate in the dispute settlement process of the WTO. It also plays significant role in winning trade disputes. Therefore, lack of financial strength could be an explanation for the low rate of participation of the small-developing countries in the dispute settlement process. A close look at the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) reveals that it has considerable inability to provide feasible remedies against unfair trade practices. This also discourages the small-developing countries to participate in the dispute settlement process. To ensure equitable participation of the developing countries in the dispute settlement process, the WTO should increase legal and technical assistance for the small-developing countries. At the same time the WTO needs to ensure quick resolution of the disputes and replace the provision of "retaliation" with other meaningful remedies.departmental bulletin pape

助産学専攻閉校にあたって

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Wasteland

210000022711000764507

複数の文化を生きる ─海外にルーツをもつ日本人学生の透明化するエスニック・アイデンティティと「ハーフ」イメージについて─

Japan is experiencing rapid internationalization due to the massive influx of immigrants in addition to an aging population. Of the 1 million children born in Japan in 2013, 3.1% had one or more non-Japanese parents. However, Japanese multiculturalism does not provide a flexible notion of Japaneseness. Instead, the mythic discourse of racial homogeneity is preserved in Japan, maintaining firm racial boundaries.\n　This paper aims to explore how young Japanese college students of mixed-ethnic parentage, often identified as hāfu, make sense of their bicultural identities in Japanʼs multiethnic region, the Gunma Prefecture. The controversial Japanese word hāfu is commonly used to refer to a person who is biracial with Japanese descent. The word originated from the English word “half,” indicating half foreignness. Japan is no exception to the multiculturalism spread by rapid globalization. However, stereotyping and discrimination against hāfu still occur. This paper concludes by discussing young college studentsʼ stereotyped adoration for hāfu as well as the participantsʼ confusion and their shadowed hybrid identities.departmental bulletin pape

古事記使用漢字の計量的考察

Article群馬県立女子大学紀要　12,45-58,1992departmental bulletin pape

Survey on the consciousness of primary school principals about the special needs education.

departmental bulletin pape