Liposomal-polyene preliposomal powder and method for its preparation

A method is disclosed for preparing a stable preliposomal powder which, when reconstituted with water or saline solution, forms a suspension of liposomes containing a polyene drug, such as nystatin. The method involves the steps of combining at least one phospholipid with a first organic solvent to form a first solution, adding a clarifying amount of water to the first solution, combining a polyene with a second organic solvent to form a second solution, combining the first and second solutions to produce a substantially clear combined solution, and then removing the organic solvents, leaving a powder.Board of Regents, University of Texas Syste

Terveysneuvontaa raskausdiabeteksesta somalinaisille

TIIVISTELMÄ Karppinen, Reeta. Terveysneuvontaa raskausdiabeteksesta somalinaisille. Helsinki, syksy 2012, 38 s., 7 liitettä. Diakonia-ammattikorkeakoulu, Diak Etelä, Helsinki, Hoitotyönkoulutusohjelma, Terveydenhoitaja (AMK). Raskausdiabetes on sokeriaineenvaihdunnan häiriö, joka esiintyy raskauden aikana. Viime vuosien aikana raskausdiabetes on lisääntynyt, noin puolella raskaana olevista on raskausdiabeteksen riskitekijöitä. Raskausdiabetesta hoidetaan ensisijaisesti ravitse-musohjauksella, ruokavaliohoidolla ja lisäämällä liikuntaa. Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli antaa tietoa raskausdiabeteksesta somalinaisille. Opinnäytetyönä järjestettiin kolme terveysneuvontatuokiota. Terveysneuvontatuokiot toteutettiin PowerPoint-esityksen avulla, joissa kerrotaan millainen sairaus se on ja kuinka sitä hoidetaan. Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin yhteistyössä Setlementtiliiton Pasilan asukastalon kanssa. Terveysneuvontatuokioista kaksi järjestettiin Pasilan asukastalossa ja yksi Helsinki Islam Keskuksessa. Kolmeen terveysneuvontatuokioon osallistui yhteensä 80 somalinaista. Terveysneuvontatuokioiden sisältö koottiin aiheeseen liittyvästä kirjallisuudesta sekä tutkimustietoa hyväksi käyttäen. Opinnäytetyön teoriaosa sisältää tietoa terveyden edis-tämisestä, raskausdiabeteksesta ja ohjaamisesta. Terveysneuvontatuokioiden perusteella havaitsin, että somalinaiset olivat kiinnostuneita terveyteen liittyvistä asioista ja osallistuivat mielellään heille järjestettyihin tapahtumiin. Osallistujien suullisen palautteen perusteella tuokiot olivat onnistuneita ja somalinaiset saivat lisätietoa raskausdiabeteksesta. Parhaiten kohderyhmään kuuluvat tavoitti heidän omassa kokoontumispaikassaan. Avainsanat: ohjaus, raskausdiabetes, somalit, terveyden edistäminen, terveysneuvontaABSTRACT Karppinen, Reeta Guidance on gestational diabetes for Somali women. 38p., 7 appendices. Language: Finnish. Helsinki, Fall 2012. Diaconia University of Applied Sciences. Degree Programme in Nursing, Option in Health Care. Degree: Public Health Nurse. Gestational diabetes is a sugar metabolism disorder that exists during pregnancy. Gesta-tional diabetes has increased during recent years. Half of the pregnant women have a risk to get the disease. Gestational diabetes is treated by diet and exercise. The objective of this thesis was to provide advice on gestational diabetes to Somali women. The thesis consists of three health promotion lectures held at Pasilan asukastalo and Helsinki Islam Centre. Pasilan asukastalo is an open meeting place for the people living in Helsinki. This thesis is a product. In total, eighty Somali women participated in the lectures. The lectures were held in spring and fall 2012. The theoretical background of the study con-sists of contributing to health, gestational diabetes and guidance. The results of this thesis show that Somali women were interested in health matters. They participated eagerly in the health lectures. Based on the feedback, their experience was positive and their knowledge of gestational diabetes increased. There were 60 par-ticipants in the lectures that were held at Helsinki Islam Centre. According to the feed-back, it is easier for them to gather in a familiar place together with other Somali wom-en. This promoted their active participation. Keywords: gestational diabetes, Somali women, health promotio

Integrated farming of seaweed and shrimp- Winter School on Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish and Shellfish

Coastal aquaculture involves the cultivation of marine and brackish water species in ponds, protected Bays, Gulfs and Lagoons. Aquaculture became an important commercial food production since 1960s (Chua, 1986; 1994) and lateer in 1970s the aquaculture transformed rapidly with the success in breeding work of fish, shellfish, seaweed, artificial feed and genetic improvements. In particular Shrimp farming spread far and wide within three decades and became the prime export earning industry in many parts of the World (Liao, 1990). In the last two decades, many intensive aquaculture enterprises have suffered severe losses due to disease outbreaks (ADB and NACA, 1991) due to poor farm management. The quality of aquatic environment began to show a sign of unsustainability in many countries. U$ 1 billion dollar has been lost due to shrimp disease in Asia (FAO and NACA, 1995). It was reported in many countries like Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, China and India. The environmental impact of aquaculture is becoming a matter of concern in the present scenario due to increase in industrialization, intensified aquaculture development, urbanization, population increase, pollution of coastal water due to sewage-industrial and agricultural waste. Intensification of culture practices has led to environmental deterioration both within the system and in the surrounding areas. The code of conduct for Responsible Fisheries evolved by the Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome in 1995 (FAO, 1995) is adapted by 168 countries including India. India is a signatory to implement many aspects besides the major issues related to aquaculture i.e. assessment for the discharge of effluents, use of drug and chemicals during aquaculture activities. Sustainability has become the major challenge to aquaculture development

Breakthrough in the successful nursery rearing of Gracilaria edulis from spores

Gracilaria is a commercially valuable agarophyte and its many species are distributed throughout temperate and tropical seas. Gracilaria edulis is the common agar yielding seaweed in India. The life history of Gracilaria consists of an alternation of isomorphic phase with unisexual gametophyte

Seaweed cultivation in India- Winter School on Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish and Shellfish

Seaweeds are macroscopic marine algae attached to solid substratum, growing in the shallow waters of sea. They are important marine resources exploited for their commercial value as the source of phycocolloids such as agar, agarose, algin and carrageenan, besides their use as food, source of enzymes, dyes, drugs, growth promoters etc. In India, seaweeds are harvested from the natural beds along the Tamil Nadu and Gujarat coasts since 1966. The southeast and northwest coast of India and the Andaman-Nicobar and Laccadive archipelagoes harbour a variety of seaweeds with rich biomass and species diversity. The standing stock of seaweeds in India is estimated to be 2,60,876 tonnes. It is estimated that seaweed resource of India comprise 6% agarophytes, 8% carrageenophytes, 16% alginophytes and the remaining 70% green and other non commercial seaweeds. Indian coastline has 624 species of marine algae belonging to 215 genera and 64 families, of these nearly 60 species only are commercially important. However, in a revised checklist 844 species of marine algae have been reported from India, comprising 216 species of Chlorophyta, 191 species of Phaeophyta , 434 species of Rhodophyta and 3 species of Xanthophyta indicating a considerable increase in the species of seaweeds of India

Laserkeilausaineiston ja katunäkymäkuvien hyödyntäminen tieympäristön seurannassa

Utilization of laser scanning has increased during the past few years in many fields of applications, for example, in road environment monitoring. Mild winters, increasing rainfalls and frost are deteriorating the surface and structure of the road causing road damages. The road environment and its condition can be examined for example with laser scanning and street view images. Utilization of laser scanning data and street view images in road environment monitoring was studied in this thesis. The main focus was on the road damages and drainage. Also individual trees were detected nearby road scenes. TerraModeler and TerraScan software were used for investigations. Five different lidar datasets were used to detect road damages and drainage. Both mobile and helicopter-based lidar data were available from Jakomäki area. In Rauma case, there were two datasets collected from the helicopter but the point densities were different. In addition, to helicopter-based lidar data, there were also street view images available from BlomSTREET service in Hyvinkää case. The results between the datasets were compared. Aim was to investigate if same damages can be found from the several datasets that have different point densities. Lidar data for individual tree detection was collected by helicopter from Korppoo area. Tree locations were also measured with a tachymeter to get reference data for automatic detection. Heights of the trees were manually determined from the point cloud. Manually measured heights and locations were compared with automatically detected ones. Detection of rut depths, slopes and drainage is possible from the high point density datasets. From lower point density datasets it is not possible to detect for example rut depths. Point cloud is possible to color by slopes, which may give some information about rut locations even from lower point density datasets. Obtaining slopes and drainage accurately is also possible from lower point density data. With TerraModeler water gathering points can be obtained. Panorama pictures from BlomSTREET can be utilized for ensuring if there is a rainwater outlet or if water will gather as a puddle. Tree locations were detected in a meter accuracy with automatic method. Successful detection of tree heights and locations is dependent on many things. Successful classification of the data and creation of tree models are the most important parameters.Laserkeilaus on yleistynyt ja sitä hyödynnetään useissa eri sovelluksissa kuten esimerkiksi tiesovelluksissa. Leudot ja sateiset talvet sekä routa kuluttavat tien pintaa ja rakennetta aiheuttaen tievaurioita, jotka voivat olla vaaraksi liikenteelle. Tienkuntoa ja sen ympäristöä voidaan tarkastella esimerkiksi laserkeilausaineistojen sekä katunäkymäkuvien avulla. Työssä tutkittiin kuinka laserkeilausaineistoa ja katunäkymäkuvia voidaan hyödyntää tieympäristön seurannassa. Tutkimuksessa keskityttiin tarkastelemaan tievaurioita ja kuivatusta sekä tiealueiden läheisyydessä sijaitsevien puiden tunnistusta. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin TerraModeler ja TerraScan ohjelmistoja. Tievaurioita ja kuivatusta tutkittiin viidestä eri aineistosta kolmelta eri alueelta. Jakomäen alueelta tien ominaisuuksia tutkittiin sekä mobiili- että helikopterilaserkeilausaineistosta ja Rauman alueelta vaurioita kartoitettiin kahdesta eri helikopterilla kerätystä pistetiheyden aineistosta. Hyvinkäältä helikopterilla kerätyn laserkeilausaineiston lisäksi oli saatavilla katunäkymäkuvia BlomSTREET palvelusta. Aineistoista saatuja tuloksia vertailtiin keskenään ja tutkittiin, onko niistä mahdollista havaita samankaltaisia tuloksia. Yksittäisen puun tunnistukseen käytettiin helikopterilla kerättyä laserkeilausaineistoa Korppoon alueelta ja referenssinä aineistolle toimi maastossa mitatut puiden sijainnit. Automaattisesti määritettyjen puiden sijaintia verrattiin maastossa mitattuihin sijainteihin. Myös puiden korkeus määritettiin pistepilvestä manuaalisesti ja tätä verrattiin automaattiseen korkeuden määritykseen. Korkean pistetiheyden laserkeilausaineistoilla on mahdollista tutkia tien urautumista, tien kaltevuuksia ja kuivatusta. Matalamman pistetiheyden aineistoista ei pystytä määrittämään esimerkiksi urasyvyyksiä. Pistepilvi on mahdollista värjätä kaltevuuksien mukaan, minkä avulla urautumista voidaan havaita jossain määrin myös matalampien pistetiheyksien aineistoista. Tien kaltevuuksia ja kuivatusta pystytään havaitsemaan tarkasti jopa alhaisista pistetiheyden aineistoista. TerraModelerin avulla voidaan määrittää alueet, johon sadevesi kasautuu. BlomSTREET 360 panoraamakuvien avulla pystytään tarkastamaan onko kohdassa sadevesikaivo vai kerääntyykö vesi lammikoiksi. Yksittäisten puiden sijainnin määrittäminen onnistui noin metrin tarkkuudella, mutta sijainnin ja korkeuden määrittämisen onnistuminen on riippuvainen monesta tekijästä. Pistepilven luokittelun onnistumisen lisäksi yksi tärkeä tekijä on puiden muodoista tehdyt mallit, joiden avulla TerraScan ohjelmisto etsii yksittäisiä puita

समुद्री शौवाल खाघ सुरक्षा के लिए एक मूल्यवान संपदा

कृपया पूरा लेख पढे

On the successful culture of Gracilaria edulis from spores

Gradlaria is a commercially valauble agarophyte. Culture of Gracilaria edulis from spores on an experimental scale liberating the spores on different substrata like coir rope, circular cement blocks,nylon- ropes, coral stones and nylon raphae has been studied

Photosynthetic efficiency of marine algae from Mandapam coast

Photosynthetic efficiency of the marine macrophytes from different groups were studied and compared with their pigment constituents. The photosynthetic activity was found to be maximum in green algae except for some coenocytic and calcified species. Thick and rigidly branched thallus possessed lower photosynthetic activity than the delicate and leafy thalloid of less thickness. P max activity of Gracilaria crassa was found to be lowest in the red algae taken for this experiment. Sargassum being rigid and thickly branched species possessed lower P max activity. The photosynthetic activity did not show a significant positive correlation with the chlorophyll conten

On the yield and quality of sodium alginate from Sargassum wightii (greville) by pre-treatment with Chemicals

Sundried and powdered Sargassum wigluii was treated with 1 % HcI, 1 % NaOH and 10% formalin and fresh material of the same species with different concentrations of formalin, 140%, with a view to assessing the effect of chemical pre-Ireatment on the yield and viscosity of the algin content. The study indicates that high yield and viscosity of the product could be obtained by pre-treating the fresh a1ginophytes with 1-5% formalin