FP-GR-INJECTIVE MODULES

In this paper, we give some characterizations of FP-grinjective R-modules and graded right R-modules of FP-gr-injective dimension at most n. We study the existence of FP-gr-injective envelopes and FP-gr-injective covers. We also prove that (1) (⊥gr-FI, gr-FI) is a hereditary cotorsion theory if and only if R is a left gr-coherent ring, (2) If R is right gr-coherent with FP-gr-id(RR) ≤ n, then (gr-FIn, gr-F n⊥) is a perfect cotorsion theory, (3) (⊥gr-FIn, gr-FIn) is a cotorsion theory, where gr-FI denotes the class of all FP-gr-injective left R-modules, gr-FIn is the class of all graded right R-modules of FP-gr-injective dimension at most n. Some applications are given

New insights into the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids : an emerging role for glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated transactivation

Glucocorticoids are anti-inflammatory drugs that are widely used for the treatment of numerous (autoimmune) inflammatory diseases. They exert their actions by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. Upon ligand binding, the GR translocates to the nucleus, where it acts either as a homodimeric transcription factor that binds glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in promoter regions of glucocorticoid (GC)-inducible genes, or as a monomeric protein that cooperates with other transcription factors to affect transcription. For decades, it has generally been believed that the undesirable side effects of GC therapy are induced by dimer-mediated transactivation, whereas its beneficial anti-inflammatory effects are mainly due to the monomer-mediated transrepressive actions of GR. Therefore, current research is focused on the development of dissociated compounds that exert only the GR monomer-dependent actions. However, many recent reports undermine this dogma by clearly showing that GR dimer-dependent transactivation is essential in the anti-inflammatory activities of GR. Many of these studies used GR(dim/dim) mutant mice, which show reduced GR dimerization and hence cannot control inflammation in several disease models. Here, we review the importance of GR dimers in the anti-inflammatory actions of GCs/GR, and hence we question the central dogma. We summarize the contribution of various GR dimer-inducible anti-inflammatory genes and question the use of selective GR agonists as therapeutic agents

Experimental tests of pseudo-complex General Relativity

Based on previous publications exploring pseudo-complex General Relativity (pc-GR) we present a selection of observable consequences of pc-GR and possible ways to experimentally access them. Whenever possible we compare the results to Einstein's GR and differences are worked out in detail. We propose experimental tests to check the predictions of pc-GR for the orbital frequency of test particles, the gravitational redshift effect and the last stable orbit. We will show that the orbital frequency of test particles at a given radius in pc-GR is in general lower compared to standard GR. Also the effect of frame dragging is modified (weakened) in pc-GR. Concerning the gravitational redshift of a radiation emitting object we find that it is also lower in pc-GR than in standard GR. Eventually the classical concept of a last stable orbit has to be modified in pc-GR.Comment: submitted for publication to the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societ