February 2001 Crisis in Turkey: Causes and Consequences

Turkey has suffered from different economic crises since 1990. However, the February 2001 crisis has been unprecedented in intensity and repercussions. Although many factors, both internal and external, may have contributed to their occurrences, the former owing to their inducing corruption and waste in the economy, seem to have fomented them more than the latter. Although Turkey has been getting transformed into a market economy since 1980, government intervention is still pervasive in its economy. Government still controls Central Bank, owns commercial banks, and operates public enterprises. It has liberalised market, currency, foreign trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), but still operates sectors like energy, sugar and tobacco. Such a level of state intervention had adverse implications for corruption, waste, effective reforms, etc. in the country. Further, since the transformation of the economy could not be accompanied by concomitant structural, legal and institutional reforms in 1990s, resources have constantly been misused over the years. Further still, groups owning bank, media and holding companies jointly have notoriously precipitated domestic financial crisis by stashing away the home deposits in their offshore branches. Finally, supporting agriculture and industry with politically-motivated credit for voting purposes has constantly been aggravating the drain of resources and thereby financial crises of the country. This paper attempts a critical examination of how such factors may have contributed to the occurrence and accentuation of economic crises suffered by Turkey over the last decade.

Income, consumption and remittances: Evidence from immigrants to Australia

For many countries, remittance behaviour by migrants is an important component of their overall international financial flows. To date, the empirical literature has analysed the propensity to remit as a function of migrants' socio-economic characteristics. However, no studies have fully addressed the empirical implications of remittance behaviour being determined in the broader context of migrants' labour, income and consumption allocation strategy. On the contrary, the migrant's income has almost always been treated as exogenous in this context. The aim of this study is to estimate a remittance equation that detects the main determinants of remittance behaviour while addressing endogeneity and reverse causality relationships between remittances, income, consumption and savings. Moreover, since a large share of individuals do not remit money at all, an instrumental variable variant of the double-hurdle selection model is proposed and estimated by LIML. A sending country perspective is adopted in the empirical analysis by considering the first cohort of the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia. We find that endogeneity is substantial and that estimates obtained by the methods previously employed in the literature may be very misleading if given a behavioural interpretation. Our results confirm some theoretical predictions and shed light on others; notably, we show that selfish motives in remitters are at least as important as altruistic motives. --Double-hurdle model,migration,remittances

The Asian Liquidity Crisis

A country's financial system is internationally illiquid if its potential short term obligations in foreign currency exceed the amount of foreign currency it can have access to in short notice. This condition may be crucial for the existence of financial crises and/or exchange rate collapses (Chang and Velasc 1998a, b). In this paper we argue that the 1997-98 crises in Asia were in fact a consequence of international illiquidity.LIQUIDITY ; BANKS ; CURRENCIES ; MONETARY CRISIS

The Asian liquidity crisis

A country's financial system is internationally illiquid if its potential short-term obligations in foreign currency exceed the amount of foreign currency it can have access to in short notice. This condition may be necessary and sufficient for financial crises and/or exchange rate collapses (Chang and Velasco 1998a, b). In this paper we argue that the 1997-98 crises in Asia were in fact a consequence of international illiquidity. This follows from an analysis of empirical indicators of illiquidity as well as other macroeconomic statistics. We trace the emergence of illiquidity to financial liberalization, the shortening of the foreign debt structure, and the currency denomination of assets versus liabilities. We explain how financial crises became exchange rate collapses due to a government policy of both fixing exchange rates and acting as lender of last resort. Finally, we outline the policy implications of our view for preventing crises and for dealing with them.Banks and banking, Central ; International finance ; Liquidity (Economics) ; Monetary policy ; Money supply

Is it possible to reduce pain-related fear in individuals with knee osteoarthritis? a systematic review of randomised clinical trials

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of different interventions in reducing pain-related fear outcomes in people with knee osteoarthritis who have or have not had previous knee surgery, and to analyze whether included trials reported their interventions in full detail. Methods Systematic searches were carried out in the Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, EMBASE, PEDro, PsycINFO, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus from the inception of the database up to November 2019. Searches were manually updated to July 2021. We included randomized clinical trials that evaluated pain-related fear outcomes as a primary or secondary outcome in adults with knee osteoarthritis. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2 and the GRADE approach evaluated the risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence, respectively. Results Eighteen trials were included. Four trials evaluated pain-related fear as a primary outcome and all evaluated kinesiophobia in samples that had previously undergone a knee surgical procedure. These trials found that interventions based primarily on cognitive aspects (e.g. cognitive-behavioral principles) can be effective in reducing kinesiophobia. Trials evaluating pain-related fear as the secondary outcome also found that interventions that included cognitive aspects (e.g. pain neuroscience education) decreased the levels of pain-related fear (e.g. fear of falling or kinesiophobia) in patients with or without a previous knee surgery. However, serious to very serious risk of bias and imprecisions were found in included trials. Thus, the certainty of the evidence was judged as low and very low using the GRADE approach. All trials reported insufficient details to allow a complete replication of their interventions. Conclusions Interventions that include cognitive aspects may be the best option to reduce pain-related fear in people with knee osteoarthritis. However, we found a general low and very low certainty of the evidence and the findings should be considered with caution

Financial information and restructuring of spanish savings banks in a context of crisis. Changes in the regulation; content and evolution of FROB

The worsening of the financial crisis in September 2008, coinciding with the collapse of Lehman Brothers, set off unprecedented action in the European states to support the stability of their markets and financial institutions. Different forums asked for joint and faster implementation. This lead the Spanish authorities to take a series of measures. In the first part of this paper we make a theoretical review of previous studies at international level on early warning systems and about prediction of failure in the banking sector. No doubt it helps to situate and understand better the later Spanish analysis, why it is necessary and its development. We also analyze the evolution of the Spanish financial system between 2008-2011 with the focus on explaining the reform and restructuring of savings banks. Specifically, a study of the accounting and financial standards evolution is made, as well as an examination of the changes in banking regulations that emerged during this period and the role of the Banking Management Restructuring Fund (FROB) and the Institutional Protection Systems (SIP).FROB, SIP, banking regulation changes, early warning systems.

Pengaruh CAR, NPL dan LDR terhadap Profitabilitas pada Perusahaan Perbankan yang Terdaftar di BEI Periode 2008-2011

This study aimed to analyze the effect of capital adequacy ratio, non performing loans and loan to deposit ratio on profitability in banking companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange. This study determined the sample through purposive sampling method that can be obtained 11 samples of 30 banking companies in the observation period 2008-2011. Methods of testing performed in this study using multiple linear analysis. The results of this study indicate that the capital adequacy ratio, non performing loans and loan to deposit ratio simultaneously significant effect on profitability. Partially capital adequacy ratio and no significant negative effect on profitability, non performing loans and a significant negative effect on profitability and loan to deposit ratio and no significant positive effect on profitability

EXCHANGE-RATE POLICIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? WHAT DO WE STILL NOT KNOW?

The 1997–1998 Asian crisis, with its offshoots in Eastern Europe and Latin America, has reignited the debate about appropriate exchange-rate policies for developing countries. One widely shared conclusion from this episode is that adjustable or crawling pegs are extremely fragile in a world of volatile capital movements. The pressure resulting from massive capital flow reversals and weakened domestic financial systems was too strong even for countries that followed sound macroeconomic policies and had large stocks of reserves. As a consequence, the polar regimes of a "hard pegs" (such as a currency board), or a clean float, are enjoying new popularity. This paper argues that, while currency boards or even dollarization may be justified in some extreme cases, they are not appropriate for all developing countries. The recommendations formulated on the basis of the Mundell-McKinnon criteria for the optimum currency are considered still sensible today. Currency boards face serious implementation problems. One is the choice of the currency to peg to and at what rate; another is the need to ensure stability of the domestic financial system in the absence of a domestic lender of last resort. Floating appears to have wider applicability. As Friedman already argued in the early 1950s,if prices move slowly, it is both faster and less costly to move the nominal exchange rate in response to a shock that requires an adjustment in the real exchange rate. But for exchange-rate flexibility to be stabilizing, it has to be implemented by independent central banks whose commitment to low inflation is credible. Ongoing depreciations that follow from imprudent of opportunistic monetary behaviour will surely come to be expected by agents, and hence will have no real effect; occasional depreciations that respond exclusively to unforecastable shocks will, almost by definition, have real effects. But floating also faces questions of implementation. Given that no central bank completely abstains from intervention in currency markets, what principles should govern such intervention? The paper elaborates on a number of points in this regard on which recent experience is likely to be instructive, but on which more research is needed. Finally, any exchange-rate regime, and especially one of flexible rates, requires complementary policies to increase its chances of success. In this context, some have suggested the use of capital controls; less controversial is the need for prudential regulation of the financial system and for counter-cyclical fiscal policy.

An Analysis of Proposed Framework on Impact of Working Capital Management on the Profitability of Selected Manufacturing Companies Listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange

Working capital management encompasses the overall idea of management of current assets and current liabilities of a business. Whether empirical or conceptual, the discussion have delineated working capital management as that part of business strategy which involves effective management of short term or current assets and liabilities to ensure optimal level and maximization of value. This paper aims to provide an analysis on the concept and propose framework that emphasizes on investigating the impact of management of working capital on the profitability of manufacturing companies listed on the Nigerian stock exchange. The paper proposes four dimensions (variables) as cash management levels, inventory management levels, receivable management, and the trade credit (Accounts payable) as measures of working capital management and the profitability of companies