A Glimpse into Fatimid Rule in North Africa and Egypt (909-1171 AD)

Abstract: The Fatimid Caliphate was the first Shia dynasty which ruled for two and a half centuries, from 909 to 1171 AD in North Africa and Egypt. They got their name Fatimid from Hazrat Muhammad’s (pbuh) daughter Hazrat Fatima (r.a) as they claimed to be the direct descendants of Hazrat Fatima (r.a).  The Fatimids ruled over various regions belonging to different religious backgrounds with the spirit of tolerance. Diversity, pluralism and meritocracy were the key features of their rule. Their effective governance helped in cultural and educational advancements which made the Fatimid era important and unique then and now. This study is significant because Fatimids history has been studied by scholars on the basis of results of fabricated information provided by heresiographies who were hostile towards Fatimids. Therefore, it becomes challenging to see the true correct picture. Recently Institute of Ismaili Studies London has recovered original manuscripts on large scale, which are being studied and translated. This has provided a different lens through which Fatimid history can be studied.       &nbsp

On the kinematic evolution of young local associations and the Sco-Cen complex

Context: Over the last decade, several groups of young (mainly low-mass) stars have been discovered in the solar neighbourhood (closer than ~100 pc), thanks to cross-correlation between X-ray, optical spectroscopy and kinematic data. These young local associations -- including an important fraction whose members are Hipparcos stars -- offer insights into the star formation process in low-density environments, shed light on the substellar domain, and could have played an important role in the recent history of the local interstellar medium. Aims: To study the kinematic evolution of young local associations and their relation to other young stellar groups and structures in the local interstellar medium, thus casting new light on recent star formation processes in the solar neighbourhood. Methods: We compiled the data published in the literature for young local associations. Using a realistic Galactic potential we integrated the orbits for these associations and the Sco-Cen complex back in time. Results: Combining these data with the spatial structure of the Local Bubble and the spiral structure of the Galaxy, we propose a recent history of star formation in the solar neighbourhood. We suggest that both the Sco-Cen complex and young local associations originated as a result of the impact of the inner spiral arm shock wave against a giant molecular cloud. The core of the giant molecular cloud formed the Sco-Cen complex, and some small cloudlets in a halo around the giant molecular cloud formed young local associations several million years later. We also propose a supernova in young local associations a few million years ago as the most likely candidate to have reheated the Local Bubble to its present temperature.Comment: 27 pages, 13 figures, 14 tables. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

The Concepts of Equilibrium Exchange Rate: A Survey of Literature

The aim of this paper is to review and examine a collection of 'most commonly applied' theoretical and empirical models of equilibrium exchange rate. The presentation on each model starts with an introduction of core theoretical frameworks. It will then be followed by discussions on relevant empirical steps to estimate the equilibrium rate. The rest of the paper will focus on assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the model and how each relates to the other.

Methylene Blue for Treatment of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients, Randomized, Controlled, Open-Label Clinical Trial, Phase 3

Funding: This work was supported by a grant from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Grant number: 990096, 990845). Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge the nurses in Iamm Reza Hospital, Shariati Hospital, Hasheminejad Hospital for their excellent cooperation.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The Concepts of Equilibrium Exchange Rate: A Survey of Literature

The aim of this paper is to review and examine a collection of ‘most commonly applied’ theoretical and empirical models of equilibrium exchange rate. The presentation on each model starts with an introduction of core theoretical frameworks. It will then be followed by discussions on relevant empirical steps to estimate the equilibrium rate. The rest of the paper will focus on assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the model and how each relates to the other.Equilibrium, Exchange Rate Models, PPP, Monetary Model, BEER, DEER, FEER, PEER and NATREX

Production of lipopeptide biosurfactant by Kurthia gibsonii KH2 and their synergistic action in biodecolourisation of textile wastewater

Textile dyes are recalcitrant molecules and contain a high level of chemicals and colour which poses a serious challenge to surrounding environments. Therefore, this study aims to produce biosurfactant and investigate the synergistic action on decolourisation of textile dyes by the combination of bacteria and biosurfactant. An effective dye degrading strain and biosurfactant-producer, Kurthia gibsonii KH2, was isolated from textile wastewater using molasses as the only source of carbon and energy. The isolates were identified and screened for biosurfactant production using haemolytic activity, oil spreading technique, drop collapse test and emulsification index. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FTIR) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analyses were carried out to detect the type of biosurfactant. The effect of different physicochemical parameters on textile wastewater decolourisation was assessed within 24 h. The Kurthia gibsonii KH2 showed positive results for haemolytic activity, oil spreading technique, and drop collapse test. The emulsification test (E24) revealed that Kurthia gibsonii KH2 had a higher emulsification index of 63%. FTIR and TLC analyses indicated that the biosurfactant was a lipopeptide and was formed with a yield of 2 gL−1. The synergistic activity of Kurthia gibsonii KH2 and lipopeptide biosurfactant resulted in decolourisation levels of 85% at 100 mg/L concentration and pH 7 was recorded at 168 h of incubation. The high attributes of these combinations and the phytotoxicity tests implied that the metabolites were less toxic, making it a promising option for the biodecolourisation and biodegradation of industrial textile wastewater and various environmental conditions